Co-management is recognized as crucial in developing sustainable policies to address the deteriorating relationship between humans and wildlife. This approach is inclusive and particularly effective in areas where humans and wildlife share the same resources. The sharing of resources often leads to unsustainable practices. Many studies proved that co-management involves diverse stakeholders, including experts, forest staff, conservation organizations, and the local community, to negotiate conflicting interests effectively. Hence, studying the coexistence strategies implemented by different stakeholders has provided valuable insights into the potential interactions and coexistence of humans and wildlife outside of protected areas. The article examined the local management strategies employed to address human–elephant relations in this context. Additionally, the article discusses various co-management approaches aimed at improving the relationship between humans and wild elephants, along with the factors contributing to building co-management capacity. This article is based on the ethnographic study conducted among the Bodo community residing near the Indo-Bhutan border in Assam, where the local Bodo community experiences conflict with wild elephants.
AngoT. G., BörjesonL., & SenbetaF. (2016). Crop raiding by wild mammals in Ethiopia: Impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape. Oryx, 51(3), 527–537. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605316000028
2.
BhatiaS., RedpathS. M., & SuryawanshiK. R. (2019). Beyond conflict: Exploring the spectrum of human–wildlife interactions and their underlying mechanisms. Cambridge University Press, 54(5), 621–628. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531800159X
3.
Borrini-FeyerabendG., FarvarT. M., NguinguiriC. J., & NdangangV. A. (2000). Co-management of natural resources: Organising, negotiating and learning-by-doing. GTZ and IUCN. https://conservation-development.net/rsFiles/Datei/CoManagement_English_Auflage2.pdf
4.
ChoudhuryA. (2004). Human–elephant conflicts in northeast India. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 9(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200490505693
5.
CarterN. H., & LinnellJ. D. C. (2016). Coadaptation is key to coexisting with large carnivores. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 31(8), 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.05.006
6.
GuptaS. (2013). Post mortem report. Udalguri Civil Hospital Medical Report.
7.
HalvorsenK. E. (2003). Assessing the effects of public participation. Public Administration Review, 63(5), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6210.00317
8.
HudenkoH. W. (2012). Exploring the influence of emotion on human decision-making in human–wildlife conflicts. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 17(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2012.623262
9.
IUCN. (2005). Benefits beyond boundaries [Paper presentation]. The Vth IUCN world parks congress (pp. Ix + 306). IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-007.pdf
10.
JohanssonM., & KarlssonJ. (2011). The subjective experience of fear and the cognitive interpretation of large carnivores. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 16(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2011.535240
11.
JacksonR., & WangchukR. (2001). Linking snow leopard conservation and people wildlife conflict resolution: Grassroots measures to protect the endangered snow leopard from herder retribution. Endangered Species UPDATE, 18(4), 138–141. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Jackson%2C+R.%2C+%26+Wangchuk%2C+R.+%282001%29.+Linking+snow+leopard+conservation+and+people+wildlife+conflict+resolution%3A+Grassroots+measures+to+protect+the+endangered+snow+leopard+from+herder+retribution&btnG=
12.
KnightJ. (2000). Introduction. In KnightJ. (Ed.), Natural enemies: People wildlife conflict in anthropological perspectives. European Association of Social Anthropologists, Routledge Tylor & Francis.
13.
KönigH., KiffnerC., Kramer-SchadtS., FürstC., KeulingO., & FordA. T. (2020). Human–wildlife coexistence in a changing world. Conservation Biology, 34(4), 786–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13513
MmopelwaG., & MpolokengT. (2008). Attitudes and perceptions of livestock farmers on the adequacy of government compensation scheme: Human–carnivore conflict in Ngamiland on JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41236040
16.
PaudyalR., ThapaB., NeupaneS. S., & KcB. (2018). Factors associated with conservation participation by local communities in Gaurishankar Conservation Area Project, Nepal. Sustainability, 10(10), 3488. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103488
17.
PetersonM. N., BirckheadJ. L., LeongK. M., PetersonM. J., & PetersonT. R. (2010). Rearticulating the myth of human–wildlife conflict. Conservation Letters, 3(2), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263x.2010.00099.x
18.
PooleyS., BhatiaS., & VasavaA. (2020). Rethinking the study of human–wildlife coexistence. Conservation Biology, 35(3), 784–793. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13653
19.
RaikD. B., LauberT. B., DeckerD. J., & BrownT. L. (2005). Managing community controversy in suburban wildlife management: Adopting practices that address value differences. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10(2), 109–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200590931806
20.
SavoryA. (1994). Will we be able to sustain civilization?Population and Environment, 16(2), 139–147. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503385
21.
StorieJ., & BellS. (2016). Wildlife management conflicts in rural communities: A case-study of wild boar (Sus scrofa) management in Ērgļu Novads, Latvia. Sociologia Ruralis, 57(1), 64–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12122
22.
TrevesA., WallaceR., Naughton-TrevesL., & MoralesA. (2006). Co-managing human–wildlife conflicts: A review. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 11(6), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871200600984265
23.
TrevesA., & Naughton-TrevesL. (2005). Evaluating lethal control in the management of human–wildlife conflict. In WoodroffeR., ThirgoodS., & RabinowitzA. (Eds), People and wildlife, conflict or coexistence? (pp. 86–106). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511614774.007
24.
TchambaM. N. (1996). History and present human/elephant conflict status in the Waza Logone region, Cameroon, West Africa. Biological Conservation, 75(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00040-2
25.
ThantZ. M., MayR., & RøskaftE. (2022). Effect of human–elephant conflict on local attitudes toward the conservation of wild Asian elephants in Myanmar, Human Dimensions of Wildlife. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2022.2134524
26.
VaskeJ. J., FultonD. C., & ManfredoM. J. (2001). Human dimensions considerations in wildlife management planning. In DeckerD. J., BrownT. L., & SiemerW. F. (Eds), Human dimensions of wildlife management in North America (pp. 91–108). The Wildlife Society.
27.
WydevenA. P., TrevesA., & BrostB. M. (2009). Characteristics of wolf packs in Wisconsin: Identification of traits influencing depredation. In FascioneN., DelachA., & SmithM. E. (Eds), People and predators: From conflict to coexistence. Island Press.
28.
WoolastonK., FlowerE., van VeldenJ., WhiteS., BurnsG. L., & MorrisonC. (2021). A review of the role of law and policy in human–wildlife conflict. Conservation & Society, 19(3), 172–183. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27081498
29.
World Wildlife Fund. (2010). Mitigating human-elephant conflict in Udalguri, Assam India. https://www.wwfindia.org/?4700/Human-Elephant-conflict#:~:text=The%20unusual%20rise%20in%20number,cover%20change%20and%20forest%20degradation.&text=Alarmed%20at20the20retaliatory20killing,compensation%20for%20the%20affected%20families.
30.
WangS. W., CurtisP. D., & LassoieJ. P. (2006). Farmer perceptions of crop damage by wildlife in Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, Bhutan. Wildlife Society Bulletin (1973–2006), 34(2), 359–365. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3785133
