The present article aims to understand the somatotype characteristics and its association with cognitive impairment (CI) and depression among 768 Jat men and women aged 30–80 years from an Mendelian population of north India. The somatotypes are evaluated using the Heath–Carter protocol. Cognition status is assessed through Mini-Mental State Examination scale, while the depression status is determined using Beck’s depression inventory questionnaire. Overall, the Jat population is found to be mesomorphic endomorph. A slight decrease in endomorphy and an increase in ectomorphy is observed with advancing age. Endomorphy is found to be more prevalent among individuals having CI and depression. In conclusion, as compared to other populations of India, the Jats of Haryana are more endomorphic and less mesomorphic. As the association of somatotypes with mental disabilities is still unclear, this issue needs further investigation. So, more population studies are necessary to elucidate their association.
AdhikariA. (2016). Anthropometric and somatotype characteristics of emigrant Canadian women living in Canada. American Journal of Sports Science, 4(1–1), 22–26.
2.
AndrecenkoE., & MladenovaS. (2015). Changes in somatotype characteristics in the middle-aged Bulgarian men. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 32(6), 2910–2915.
3.
BaileyD. A., CarterJ. E. L., & MirwaldR. L. (1982). Somatotypes of Canadian men and women. Human Biology, 54(4), 813–828.
4.
BeckA. T., SteerR. A., & BrownG. K. (1996). Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. Psychological Corporation, 1(82), 1010–1037.
5.
BlaakE. (2001). Gender differences in fat metabolism. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care, 4(6), 499–502.
6.
BuffaR., SuccaV., GarauD., MariniE., & FlorisG. (2005). Variations of somatotype in elderly Sardinians. American Journal of Human Biology: The Official Journal of the Human Biology Association, 17(4), 403–411.
7.
CarterJ. L., CarterJ. L., & HeathB. H. (1990). Somatotyping: Development and applications (Vol. 5). Cambridge University Press.
8.
CarterJ. L., RossW. D., DuquetW., & AubryS. P. (1983). Advances in somatotype methodology and analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 26(S1), 193–213.
9.
Census of India. (2011). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Census of India. February19, 2019. http://censusindia.gov.in/
10.
ChandelS., & MalikS. L. (2012). Anthropometric somatotype of Kshatriya and Kurmi of Uttar Pradesh: Population and gender differences. Human Biology Review, 1(1), 1–15.
11.
ÇinarliF. S., KafkasA., EkenÖ, & KafkasM. E. (2016). The effect of somatotype component differences on biomotor and cognitive abilities. Journal of Sport and Social Sciences, 3(2), 1–14.
12.
CressieN. A. C., WithersR. T., & CraigN. P. (1986). The statistical analysis of somatotype data. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 29(S7), 197–208.
13.
De WitL., Luppino.F., van StratenA., PenninxB., ZitmanF., & CuijpersP. (2010). Depression and obesity: A meta-analysis of community-based studies. Psychiatry Research, 178(2), 230–235.
14.
DehghaniL., HashemiM., SaboonchiR., HematfarA., & RoonasiA. (2012). Relationship between somatotype and some of musculoskeletal deformities of girl students with down syndrome. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(4), 1209–1213.
15.
DrywieńM. E., FrąckiewiczJ., GórnickaM., WażnaB., ZielińskaP., WójcikK., & KulikS. (2017). Somatotype, diet and nutritional status of women. Anthropological Review, 80(4), 393–404.
16.
DyeL., BoyleN. B., ChampC., & LawtonC. (2017). The relationship between obesity and cognitive health and decline. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76(4), 443–454.
17.
FarrS. A., YamadaK. A., ButterfieldD. A., AbdulH. M., XuL., MillerN. E., & MorleyJ. E. (2008). Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology, 149(5), 2628–2636.
18.
FolsteinM. F., FolsteinS. E., & McHughP. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.
19.
GalićB. S., PavlicaT., UdickiM., StokićE., MikalačkiM., KorovljevD., & AdamovićD. (2016). Somatotype characteristics of normal-weight and obese women among different metabolic subtypes. Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 60(1), 60–65.
20.
GaurR., & SinghR. P. (1997). Age differences in somatotypes of garhwali males 17–60 years of age. American Journal of Human Biology, 9, 285–290.
21.
GaurR., TalwarI., DeviI., & NegiV. (2014). Age and sex variations in the somatotypes of Rajput adolescents of the Kullu District of the Himachal Pradesh Province, North India. International Journal of Anthropology, 29(4), 227–244.
22.
GhoshS., & MalikS. L. (2007). Sex differences in body size and shape among Santhals of West Bengal. The Anthropologist, 9(2), 143–149.
23.
HasnainM., ViewegW. V. R., & HollettB. (2012). Weight gain and glucose dysregulation with second-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants: A review for primary care physicians. Postgraduate Medicine, 124(4), 154–167.
24.
HeathB. H., & CarterJ. E. (1967). A modified somatotype method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 27(1), 57–74.
25.
HerreraH., RebatoE., HernándezR., Hernández-ValeraY., & Alfonso-SánchezM. A. (2004). Relationship between somatotype and blood pressure in a group of institutionalized Venezuelan elders. Gerontology, 50(4), 223–229.
26.
HoareE., SkouterisH., Fuller‐TyszkiewiczM., MillarL., & AllenderS. (2014). Associations between obesogenic risk factors and depression among adolescents: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 15(1), 40–51.
27.
JurimaeT., & JurimaeJ. (2001). Physical activity and motor development in prepubertal children. CRS Press.
28.
KalichmanL., & KobylianskyE. (2006). Sex-and age-related variations of the somatotype in a Chuvasha population. HOMO-Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 57(2), 151–162.
29.
KalichmanL., LivshitsG., & KobylianskyE. (2004). Association between somatotypes and blood pressure in an adult Chuvasha population. Annals of Human Biology, 31(4), 466–476.
30.
KanoskiS. E., & DavidsonT. L. (2011). Western diet consumption and cognitive impairment: Links to hippocampal dysfunction and obesity. Physiology & Behaviour, 103(1), 59–68.
31.
KaurG., GaurR., ThakurM. K., & SaraswathyK. N. (2018). Depression and one carbon metabolic pathway: A study among a mendelian population from North India. Current Psychology, 40, 1280–1286.
32.
KaurG., GaurR., YadavS., & SaraswathyK. N. (2018). Association of vitamin B12 mediated hyperhomocysteinemia and methylenetetrafolate reductase (C677T) gene polymorphism with cognitive impairment: A population based study from North India. Psychiatry Research, 270, 123–125.
33.
KaurM. (2009). Age changes in somatotype components of rural and urban Punjabi Brahmin females. Journal of Human Ecology, 25(3), 167–173.
34.
KaurM., SinghS. P., & SinghA. P. (2017). Age related variations in endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic components of somatotype in Urban Women of Punjab. Human Biology Review, 6, 47–52.
35.
KolevaM., NachevaA., & BoevM. (2002). Somatotype and disease prevalence in adults. Reviews on Environmental Health, 17(1), 65–84.
36.
KrejcieR. V., & MorganD. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607–610.
37.
MakgaeP. J., MonyekiK. D., BritsS. J., KemperH. C. G., & MashitaJ. (2007). Somatotype and blood pressure of rural South African children aged 6–13 years: Ellisras longitudinal growth and health study. Annals of Human Biology, 34(2), 240–251.
38.
MalinaR. M., KatzmarzykP. T., SongT. M. K., TheriaultG., & BouchardC. (1997). Somatotype and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy adults. American Journal of Human Biology, 9, 11–19.
39.
MantarkovM., Ahmed-PopovaF., AkabalievV., & SivkovS. (2016). Somatotype in bipolar disorder revisited: Gender differences, neurodevelopment and clinical implications. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(9), 1028–1037.
40.
MartínezO., LópezJ., & MezaE. (2012). Comparison of agility and dynamic balance in elderly women with endomorphic mesomorph somatotype with presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. International Journal of Morphology, 3(2), 637–642.
41.
NguyenJ. C., KillcrossA. S., & JenkinsT. A. (2014). Obesity and cognitive decline: Role of inflammation and vascular changes. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 375.
42.
PrattL. A., & BrodyD. J. (2014). Depression and obesity in the US adult household population, 2005–2010. Women, 20, 39.
43.
RafterN. (2007). Somatotyping, antimodernism, and the production of criminological knowledge. Criminology. 45(4), 805–833.
44.
RestivoM. R., McKinnonM. C., FreyB. N., HallG. B., & TaylorV. H. (2016). Effect of obesity on cognition in adults with and without a mood disorder: Study design and methods. BMJ Open, 6(2), e009347.
45.
SheldonW. H., StevensS. S., & TuckerW. B. (1940). The varieties of human physique: An introduction to constitutional psychology (Vol. 1). Harper.
46.
ShrivastavaA., & JohnstonM. E. (2010). Weight-gain in psychiatric treatment: Risks, implications, and strategies for prevention and management. Mens Sana Monographs, 8(1), 53.
47.
SingalP., & SidhuL. S. (1984). Age changes and comparison of somatotypes during 20 to 80 years in Jat Sikh and Bania Females of Punjab (India). Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 42, 281–289.
48.
SinghS. P. (2007). Somatotype and disease: A review. Anthropologist, 3, 251–261.
49.
TóthG. A., BudaB. L., & EibenO. G. (2003). Contribution to the physique of women with manic-depressive disorder in Hungary. Collegium Antropologicum, 27(2), 581–586.
50.
UlijaszekS. J., & LourieJ. A. (1994). Intra-and inter-observer error in anthropometric measurement. In UlijaszekS. J. (Ed.), Anthropometry: The individual and the population, Masciek-Taylor CGN.
51.
Urrutia-GarcíaK., Martínez-CervantesT. J., Salas-FraireO., & Guevara-NeriN. P. (2015). Somatotype of patients with type 2 diabetes in a university hospital in Mexico. Medicina Universitaria, 17(67), 71–74.
52.
YeungE. H., HuF. B., SolomonC. G., ChenL., LouisG. M., SchistermanE., & ZhangC. (2010). Life-course weight characteristics and the risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetologia, 53(4), 668–678.
53.
ZuP., ZhaoY. Q., XuS. J., HaoJ. H., SuP. Y., ZhuP., & TaoF. B. (2011). Association between self-assessed somatotypes and symptom depression among children and adolescents. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi, 32(12), 1208–1211.
