The under-reported armed conflict in Manipur has been going on immediately after the contentions merger of Manipur to India in 1949. It is reported as one of the ongoing armed self-determination by the University of Maryland. In order to suppress the movement, government of India militarized the state through invocation of un-proclaimed emergency. It is believed that 20,000 people have died due to the armed violence since the conflict began, especially, after imposing the martial law-Armed Forces Special Powers Act 1958 throughout the state in 1980. This paper aims to analyze the policy of containment, upon which the government of India has concentrated all its energies since the beginning of the conflict that has neither brought peace, nor resolved the armed conflict, but has resulted into questioning the human security condition in the state.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anderson, JamesN.1997. Ecological Anthropology and Anthropological Ecology, in “Handbook of Social and Cultural Anthropology“ (ed. HoningmannJ.J), Rawat Publications, New Delhi
2.
AkoijamBimol, and TarunkumarTh.2005. “Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958: Disguised War & its Subversions”.Eastern Quarterly. Volume 3, IssueI, April – June.
3.
AkoijamBimol.2001. “Manipur: How History Repeat Itself”.Economic and Political Weekly, July 28.
4.
BaruahSanjib.2006. Post-Fronteirs Blues: Towards a New Policy Framework for Northeast India. Policy Studies no 33. Washington: East West Centre.
5.
BaruahSanjib.2005. Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India.New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
6.
BhubolS.2009. “Governance Deviate Peace-Path-Now Ripe for Resolution”.The Orient Vision Vol VI Issue 1 & 2.
7.
ChandhokeNeera.2006. A State of One's Own: Secessionism and Federalism in India. Working Paper No 80. London: Crisis State Programme. LSE, 2006.
8.
ChaudhuryShoma.2009. “Life In A Shadow Land”.Tehelka Magazine Vol 6. Issue 32. Dated August 15.
9.
ChariP. R.2009. “Armed Conflicts in South Asia: An Overview” edited by Suba ChandranD., ChariP. R.Armed Conflicts in South Asia 2008: Growing Violence.India: Routledge.
10.
Centre for Organization Research and Education.The Manipur Nation: A Position’ edited by Laifungbam, Debabrata, Roy., Immanuel, Zarzosang, Varte.Contour of Conflict. Pathway of Peace.Guwahati: ICTCP-North East Zone, 2007a
11.
Centre for Organization Research and Education. ‘NGO Report for Universal Periodic Review of India’. Submitted to OHCHR Civil Society Unit, 20 November, 2007b
12.
ChenoyAnuradha M., 2002. Militarism and women in South Asia, New Delhi: Kali for Women.
Harbom and Wallensteen, 2009. “Armed Conflicts, 1946–2008”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 577–587.
15.
Human Rights Initiatives.2009. “The Deployment of Indian Military Forces in Manipur”.Justice First December 08-March 09, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2009.
16.
Human Rights Watch.India: Overhaul Abusive, Failing Police System: Disrepair of Police Forces and Lack of Accountability Contribute to Rights Violations (2009).
17.
Human Rights Watch. “These Fellows Must Be Eliminated”: Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur.2008.
18.
IshworchandraHanjabam.2008. “Deconstructing Development Politics in Manipur.” Alternative Perspectives Vol III, Issue III.
19.
KangujamSanatomba.2008 “Contesting Statist version of Underdevelopment: Development and Conflict in Manipur”. Alternative Perspectives. Vol III, Issue III.
20.
KunalChattopadhyay, AnindaBannerjee., SaurobbijoySarkar.2005The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects- Leon Trotsky.New Delhi, Aakar Books.
21.
Ministry of Home Affairs.2005. Report of the committee to Review the Armed Force (Special Power) Act, 1958, (Officially not-published) New Delhi: Government of India Published by The Hindu.
22.
MishraUdayon.2000. The Periphery Strikes Back – Challenges to the Nation- State in Assam and Nagaland.Shimla: Indian Institute of Advance Studies.
23.
NingombaBrozen.2007. ‘Role of Media in Conflict Situation’, Seminar Paper presented at the Role of Media in the Present situation in Manipur”. organized by the Editor Forum, Manipur on December 24.
24.
OinamBhagat.2008. State of the States: Mapping India's Northeast. Working Paper No. 12 November. Washington: East West Centre.
25.
ParrattJohn2005. Wounded Land: Politics and Identity in Modern Manipur.New Delhi: Mittal Publication.
26.
QuinsDavid.2008. ‘Self-Determination Movements and Their Outcomes’ edited by GurrTed Robert; HewittJ. Joseph; and WilkenfeldJonathan. Peace and Conflict 2008.Executive summary.CIDCM. University of Maryland.
27.
RajagopalanRajesh.2008. Fighting Like a Guerrilla: The Indian Army and Counterinsurgency.New Delhi: Routledge.
28.
RehmanTeresa.2009. Murder in Plain Sight, Tehelka Magazine. Vol 6Issue 31 Dated August 08.
29.
RobinsonAndrew.2005. The Rhizomes of Manipur. Seminar Paper. Institute of Asia Pacific Studies. University of Nottingham.
30.
RoutaryBibhu Prased.2008. “Northeast: Island of Peace and Ocean of Conflict” edited by ChabdrabD. Subha & ChariP. R. (edt), Armed Conflicts in South Asia 2008: Graving Violence, New Delhi: Routledge.
31.
RudolphLloyd, I., and SusanneHoeber Rudolph.2008. Explaining Indian Democracy: A Fifty-Year Perspective, 1956–2006. Vol. III. The Realm of the Public Sphere: Identity and Policy.New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
32.
SamonSobhapati.2009. “Talks only on the issue of sovereignty of Manipur”, North East Sun, May 31.
33.
SanajaobaNaorem.2006. Armed Forces Special Power Act, 1958 – a Law for extrajudicial execution in perpetuity.Paper at AASU-Apunba Lup, one day convention, Guwahati.
