This study aims to investigate the determinants of attitude and intention to recycle electronic waste. Building on TRA a theoretical framework is developed and tested using a structured questionnaire administered online among 506 university students. The collected data is descriptively analysed with SPSS and structural equation modelling is employed using SMART-PLS (version 3.0). Results show that attitude has positive influence on intention to recycle electronic waste. Notably, incentives emerge as a pivotal factor for recycling intention followed by social influence, sense of responsibility and incentives. The results show that awareness has insignificant influence on intention to recycle e-waste. Further, results confirm that attitude mediates the effect of awareness, incentives, SoR and social influence on intention to recycle e-waste. The study extends TRA by introducing SOR and incentives as novel constructs, enriching understanding of e-waste recycling behaviour. The study offers potential insights into customer perspectives on electronic product obsolescence to enhance e-waste recycling strategies. Understanding how consumers perceive obsolescence allows for product adjustments that align with recycling preferences. Moreover, decision-makers can use the study’s findings to gauge public support for e-waste recycling initiatives. The findings offer valuable guidance for businesses aiming to implement effective e-waste recycling programmes, engage young adults in recycling efforts, l and enhance overall e-waste recycling participation.
AbrahamseW., & StegL. (2013). Social influence approaches to encourage resource conservation: A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1773–1785. 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.029
2.
AfrozR., MasudM. M., AkhtarR., & DuasaJ. B. (2013). Survey and analysis of public knowledge, awareness and willingness to pay in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia-a case study on household WEEE management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52, 185–193. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.004
3.
AgarwalR., & KarahannaE. (2000). Time flies when you’re having fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information technology usage. MIS Quarterly, 24(4), 665. 10.2307/3250951
4.
AjzenI. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organisational Behavior and Human Processes, 50, 179–211. 10.47985/dcidj.475
5.
AjzenI., & FishbeinM. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. McGraw-Hill Inc.
6.
AkhtarR., MehediM., & AfrozR. (2014). Household perception and recycling behaviour on electronic waste management: A case study of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Science, 33(1), 32–41.
7.
Anubha, & ShomeS. (2021). Customer engagement and advertising effectiveness: A moderated mediating analysis. Journal of Internet Commerce, 20(4), 409–449. 10.1080/15332861.2021.1955324
8.
ArainA. L., PummillR., Adu-BrimpongJ., BeckerS., GreenM., IlardiM., Van DamE., & NeitzelR. L. (2020). Analysis of e-waste recycling behavior based on survey at a Midwestern US University. Waste Management, 105, 119–127. 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.02.002
9.
AwasthiA. K., WangM., WangZ., AwasthiM. K., & LiJ. (2018). E-waste management in India: A mini-review. Waste Management and Research, 36(5), 408–414. 10.1177/0734242X18767038
10.
AwasthiA. K., ZengX., & LiJ. (2016). Environmental pollution of electronic waste recycling in India: A critical review. Environmental Pollution, 211, 259–270. 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.027
11.
BaronR. M., & KennyD. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research. Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. 10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1173
12.
BashirI., & MadhavaiahC. (2015). Consumer attitude and behavioural intention towards Internet banking adoption in India. Journal of Indian Business Research, 7(1), 67–102. 10.1108/JIBR-02-2014-0013
13.
BotetzagiasI., DimaA. F., & MalesiosC. (2015). Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior in the context of recycling: The role of moral norms and of demographic predictors. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 95(99294), 58–67. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.12.004
14.
ButtleF., & BokB. (1996). Hotel marketing strategy and the theory of reasoned action. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(3), 5–10.
15.
ChuP. Y., & ChiuJ. F. (2003). Factors influencing household waste recycling behavior: Test of an integrated model 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33(3), 604–626. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01915.x
16.
ChuchinprakarnS. (2005). Application of the theory of reasoned action to on-line shopping (pp. 1–7). https://www.bu.ac.th/knowledgecenter/epaper/jan_june2005/supanat.pdf
17.
CialdiniR. B., DemaineL. J., SagarinB. J., BarrettD. W., RhoadsK., & WinterP. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1(1), 3–15. 10.1080/15534510500181459
18.
DavisF. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. 10.2307/249008
19.
DelceaC., CrăciunL., IoanășC., FerruzziG., & CotfasL. (2020). ‘Determinants of individuals’ e-waste recycling decision: A case study from Romania. Sustainability, 12(7), 2753. 10.3390/su12072753
20.
DemajorovicJ., AugustoE. E. F., & SouzaM. T. S. D. (2016). Reverse logistics of E-WASTE in developing countries: Challenges and prospects for the Brazilian model [Online]. Ambiente and Sociedade, 19(2), 117–136. 10.1590/1809-4422ASOC141545V1922016
21.
DominaT., & KochK. (2002). Convenience and frequency of recycling: Implications for including textiles in curbside recycling programs. Environment and Behavior, 34(2), 216–238. 10.1177/0013916502342004
22.
DwivedyM., & MittalR. K. (2013). Willingness of residents to participate in e-waste recycling in India. Environmental Development, 6(1), 48–68. 10.1016/j.envdev.2013.03.001
23.
EchegarayF., & HanssteinF. V. (2017). Assessing the intention-behavior gap in electronic waste recycling: The case of Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 142, 180–190. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.064
24.
FishbeinM., & AjzenI. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research. Addison-Wesley.
25.
FornellC., & LarckerD. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. 10.1177/002224378101800104
26.
GraefeD. A., & VogelsongH. (2008). Environmental education as a catalyst for behavior change: A study of the effects of Coastwatch Magazine on subscriber environmental knowledge and behavior. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
27.
GriskeviciusV., TyburJ. M., & Van den BerghB. (2010). Going green to be seen: Status, reputation, and conspicuous conservation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(3), 392–404. 10.1037/a0017346
28.
GuerinD., CreteJ., & MercierJ. (2001). A multilevel analysis of the determinants of recycling behavior in the European countries. Social Science Research, 30(2), 195–218.
29.
Hair JrJ. F., HowardM. C., & NitzlC., (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110.
30.
HenselerJ., RingleC. M., & SinkovicsR. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In SinkovicsR. R. & GhauriP. N. (Eds.), New challenges to international marketing (Advances in International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277)–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
31.
IslamM. T., DiasP., & HudaN. (2021). Young consumers’ e-waste awareness, consumption, disposal, and recycling behavior: A case study of university students in Sydney, Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124490. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124490
32.
JadhavS. (2013). Electronic waste: A growing concern in today’s environment sustainability. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2(2), 139–147. https://www.ptonline.com/articles/how-to-get-better-mfi-results
33.
KalanaJ. A. (2010). Electrical and electronic waste management practice by households in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 132–144.
34.
KalinowskiC. M., LynneG. D., & JohnsonB. (2006). Recycling as a reflection of balanced self-interest: A test of the metaeconomics approach. Environment and Behavior, 38(3), 333–355. 10.1177/0013916505279043
35.
KimA. K. J., AireyD., & SzivasE. (2011). ‘The Multiple Assessment of Interpretation Effectiveness: Promoting Visitors’ environmental attitudes and behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 50(3), 321–334. 10.1177/0047287510362786
36.
KirakozianA. (2016). The determinants of household recycling: Social influence, public policies and environmental preferences. Applied Economics, 48(16), 1481–1503. 10.1080/00036846.2015.1102843
37.
KochanC. G., PourrezaS., TranH., & PrybutokV. R. (2016). Determinants and logistics of e-waste recycling. International Journal of Logistics Management, 27(1), 52–70.
38.
LaeequddinM., KareemA. W., SahayV., & TiwariA. K. (2022). Factors that influence the safe disposal behavior of E-waste by electronics consumers. Sustainability, 14(9), 1–16. 10.3390/su14094981
39.
LeeJ., ParkD. H., & HanI. (2011). ‘The different effects of online consumer reviews on consumers’ purchase intentions depending on trust in online shopping malls: An advertising perspective. Internet Research, 21(2), 187–206. 10.1108/10662241111123766
40.
LiuH., & TsaurR. C. (2020). The theory of reasoned action applied to green smartphones: Moderating effect of government subsidies’. Sustainability, 12(15), 5979. 10.3390/su12155979
41.
MaichumK., ParichatnonS., & PengK. C. (2016). Application of the extended theory of planned behavior model to investigate purchase intention of green products among Thai consumers. Sustainability, 8(10), 1–20. 10.3390/su8101077
42.
ManomaiviboolP., & VassanadumrongdeeS. (2012). Buying back household waste electrical and electronic equipment: Assessing Thailand’s proposed policy in light of past disposal behavior and future preferences. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 68, 117–125. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.08.014
43.
MohanachandranD. K., & GovindarajoN. S. (2020). Theory of reasoned action and citizen’s voting behaviour. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 28(1), 695–715.
44.
NairG. (2021). The food we waste: Antecedents of food wastage management behaviour. International Journal of Social Economics, 48, 826–842. 10.3389/frobt.2021.612746
45.
NitzlC., RoldanJ. L., & CepedaG. (2016). Mediation analysis in partial least squares path modelling, Helping researchers discuss more sophisticated models. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 116(9), 1849–1864. 10.1108/IMDS-07-2015-0302
46.
NnoromI. C., OhakweJ., & OsibanjoO. (2009). Survey of willingness of residents to participate in electronic waste recycling in Nigeria—A case study of mobile phone recycling. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(18), 1629–1637. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.08.009
47.
OjedokunA., & BalogunS. K. (2010). Environmental attitude as a mediator of the relationship between self-concept, environmental self-efficacy and responsible environmental behaviour among residents of high density areas in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(2), 111–119. 10.4314/ejesm.v3i2.59834
48.
OskampS., HarringtonM. J., EdwardsT. C., SherwoodD. L., OkudaS. M., & SwansonD. C. (1991). Factors influencing household recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 23(4), 494–519. 10.1177/0013916591234005
49.
PamukS., & Kahriman-PamukD. (2019). Preservice teachers’ intention to recycle and recycling behavior: The role of recycling opportunities. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 9(1), 33–45.
50.
PaulJ., ModiA., & PatelJ. (2016). Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 29, 123–134. 10.1016/j.jretconser.2015.11.006
51.
PodsakoffP. M., MacKenzieS. B., LeeJ. Y., & PodsakoffN. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
52.
PriluckR., & TillB. D. (2004). The role of contingency awareness, involvement and need for cognition in attitude formation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(3), 329–344. 10.1177/0092070303257646
53.
RamzanS., LiuC., MunirH., & XuY. (2019). Assessing young consumers’ awareness and participation in sustainable e-waste management practices: A survey study in Northwest China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(19), 20003–20013. 10.1007/s11356-019-05310-y
54.
RoyD., BerryE., & DempsterM. (2022). ‘If it is not made easy for me, I will just not bother’. A qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to recycling plastics. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267284. 10.1371/journal.pone.0267284
55.
ShevchenkoT., LaitalaK., & DankoY. (2019). Understanding consumer e-waste recycling behavior: Introducing a new economic incentive to increase the collection rates. Sustainability, 11(9), 2656. 10.3390/su11092656
56.
SidiqueS. F., LupiF., & JoshiS. V. (2010). The effects of behavior and attitudes on drop-off recycling activities. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54(3), 163–170. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2009.07.012
57.
SirolaA., SavelaN., SavolainenI., KaakinenM., & OksanenA. (2021). The role of virtual communities in gambling and gaming behaviors: A systematic review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 37(1), 165–187. 10.1007/s10899-020-09946-1
58.
SivathanuB. (2016) User’s perspective: Knowledge and attitude towards e-waste. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 11(2), 413–423.
59.
SorkunM. F. (2018). How do social norms influence recycling behavior in a collectivistic society? A case study from Turkey. Waste Management, 80, 359–370. 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.09.026
60.
StraughanR. D., & RobertsJ. A. (1999). Environmental segmentation alternatives: A look at green consumer behavior in the new millennium. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 16(6), 558–575. 10.1108/07363769910297506
61.
SujataM., KhorK., RamayahT., & TeohA. P. (2019). The role of social media on recycling behaviour. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 20, 365–374. 10.1016/j.spc.2019.08.005
62.
ThooA. C., TeeS. J., HuamH. T., & Mas’odA. (2022). Determinants of recycling behavior in higher education institution. Social Responsibility Journal, 18(8), 1660–1676. 10.1108/SRJ-05-2021-0209
63.
TongletM., PhillipsP. S., & BatesM. P. (2004). Determining the drivers for householder pro-environmental behaviour: Waste minimisation compared to recycling. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 42(1), 27–48. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.02.001
64.
VenkateshV., & DavisF. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186–204. 10.1287/mnsc.46.2.186.11926
65.
WangZ., GuoD., & WangX. (2016). ‘Determinants of residents’ e-waste recycling behaviour intentions: Evidence from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 137, 850–860. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.155
66.
WeberM., CarvalhoR., Cruz-LopesL. P., & GuinéR. P. F. (2021). Plastic food packaging: Perceptions and attitudes of Portuguese consumers about environmental impact and recycling. Sustainability, 13(17), 9953. 10.3390/su13179953
67.
XuX., LiQ., PengL., HsiaT., HuangC., & WuJ. (2017). The impact of informational incentives and social influence on consumer behavior during AliBaba’s online shopping carnival. Computers in Human Behavior, 76, 245–254. 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.018
68.
YadavR., & PathakG. S. (2017). Determinants of consumers’ green purchase behavior in a developing nation: Applying and extending the theory of planned behavior. Ecological Economics, 134, 114–122. 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.019
69.
YaghoubiF. A., MohammadiY., & GhahremaniF. (2019). Modeling farmers’ responsible environmental attitude and behaviour: A case from Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 26(27), 28146–28161. 10.1007/s11356-019-06040-x
70.
Ylä-MellaJ., KeiskiR. L., & PongráczE. (2015). Electronic waste recovery in Finland: Consumers’ perceptions towards recycling and re-use of mobile phones. Waste Management, 45, 374–384. 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.031
71.
YostJ., MackintoshJ., ReadK., & DobbinsM. (2016). Promoting awareness of key resources for evidence-informed decision-making in public health: An evaluation of a webinar series about knowledge translation methods and tools. Frontiers in Public Health, 4, 72. 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00072
72.
YousafzaiS. Y., FoxallG. R., & PallisterJ. G. (2010). Explaining Internet banking behavior: Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, or technology acceptance model?Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(5), 1172–1202. 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00615.x
73.
ZhongH., & HuangL. (2016). ‘The Empirical Research on the Consumers’ willingness to participate in E-waste recycling with a points reward system. Energy Procedia, 104, 475–480. 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.080
