This article investigates the causal nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth in Tunisia for the period 1971–2013 by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration and Granger causality tests. The empirical findings indicate the existence of a long-term relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. Besides, they support the conservation hypothesis in the long run, while they confirm the growth hypothesis in the short run.
AbbasF., & ChoudhuryN. (2013). Electricity consumption-economic growth nexus: An aggregated and disaggregated causality analysis in India and Pakistan. Journal of Policy Modeling, 35, 538–553.
2.
AbosedraS., DahA., & GhoshS. (2009). Electricity consumption and economic growth, the case of Lebanon. Applied Energy, 86(4), 429–432.
3.
AcaravciA., & OzturkI. (2010). Electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from panel data for transition countries. Energy Economics, 32, 604–608.
4.
AkinloA. E. (2009). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: Evidence from cointegration and co-feature analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(5), 681–693.
5.
AltinayG., & KaragolE. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence for Turkey. Energy Economics, 27(4), 849–856.
6.
AmeyawB., OppongA., AbruquahL. A., & AshalleyE. (2016). Causality nexus of electricity consumption and economic growth: An empirical evidence from Ghana. Open Journal of Business and Management, 5(1), 1–10.
7.
AslanA. (2014). Causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in Turkey: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Energy Sources, Part B, 9(1), 25–31.
8.
BahM. M., & AzamM. (2017). Investigating the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from South Africa. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 531–537.
9.
BalcilarM., BekunF. S., & UzunerG. (2019). Revisiting the economic growth and electricity consumption nexus in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(12), 12158–12170.
10.
BalcilarM., OzdemirZ. A., & ArslanturkY. (2010). Economic growth and energy consumption causal nexus viewed through a bootstrap rolling window. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1398–1410.
11.
BélaïdF., & AbderrahmaniF. (2013). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Algeria: A multivariate causality analysis in the presence of structural change. Energy Policy, 55, 286–295.
12.
CowanW. N., ChangT., Inglesi-LotzR., & GuptaR. (2014). The nexus of electricity consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries. Energy Policy, 66, 359–368.
13.
DickeyD. A., & FullerW. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431.
14.
DlaminiJ., BalcilarM., GuptaR., & Inglesi-LotzR. (2015). Revisiting the causality between electricity consumption and economic growth in South Africa: A bootstrap rolling-window approach. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 8(2), 169–190.
15.
FergusonR., WilkinsonW., & HillR. (2000). Electricity use and economic development. Energy Policy, 28, 923–934.
16.
GhoshS. (2002). Electricity consumption and economic growth in India. Energy Policy, 30(2), 125–129.
17.
GoktenS., & KaratepeS. (2016). Electricity consumption and economic growth: A causality analysis for Turkey in the frame of import-based energy consumption and current account deficit. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11, 385–389.
18.
GrangerC. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica, 37, 424–438.
19.
GrangerC. W. (1988). Some recent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199–211.
20.
GuilkeyD. K., & SalemiM. (1982). Small sample properties of three tests for Granger-causal ordering in a bivariate stochastic system. Review of Economics and Statistics, 64(4), 668–681.
21.
HamdiH., SbiaR., & ShahbazM. (2014). The nexus between electricity consumption and economic growth in Bahrain. Economic Modeling, 38, 227–237.
22.
HatemiA., & IrandoustM. (2005). Energy consumption and economic growth in Sweden: A leveraged bootstrap approach, 1965–2000. International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies, 2(4), 87–98.
23.
HoC. Y., & SiuK. W. (2007). A dynamic equilibrium of electricity consumption and GDP in Hong Kong: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2507–2513.
24.
HuX., & LinX. (2013). A study of the relationship between electricity consumption and GDP growth in Hainan international tourism island of China. Research in World Economy, 4(1), 109.
25.
IykeB. N. (2015). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: A revisit of the energy-growth debate. Energy Economics, 51, 166–176.
26.
JamilF., & AhmadE. (2010). The relationship between electricity consumption, electricity prices and GDP in Pakistan. Energy Policy, 38(10), 6016–6025.
27.
JumbeC. B. L. (2004). Cointegration and causality between electricity consumption and GDP: Empirical evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26(1), 61–68.
28.
KaranfilF., & LiY. (2015). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Exploring panel-specific differences. Energy Policy, 82, 264–277.
29.
KraftJ., & KraftA. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401–403.
30.
KyophilavongP., ShahbazM., KimB., & OHJ.-S. (2017). A note on the electricity-growth nexus in Lao PDR. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 1251–1260.
31.
LeanH. H., & SmythR. (2010). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity generation, exports, prices and GDP in Malaysia. Energy, 35(9), 3640–3648.
32.
LiuD., RuanL., LiuJ., HuanH., ZhangG., FengY., & LiY. (2018). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Beijing: A causal analysis of quarterly sectoral data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(3), 2498–2503.
33.
MozumderP., & MaratheA. (2007). Causality relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Bangladesh. Energy Policy, 35(1), 395–402.
34.
NarayanP. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: Evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(1), 1979–1990.
35.
NarayanP. K., & SinghB. (2007). The electricity consumption and GDP nexus for Fiji Islands. Energy Economics, 29, 1141–1150.
36.
NarayanP. K., & SmythR. (2005). Electricity consumption, employment and real income in Australia evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Energy Policy, 33(9), 1109–1116.
37.
NarayanP. K., & SmythR. (2006). Higher education, real income and real investment in China: Evidence from Granger causality tests. Education Economics, 14(1), 107–125.
38.
NarayanP. K., & SmythR. (2009). Multivariate Granger causality between electricity consumption, exports and GDP: Evidence from a panel of middle eastern countries. Energy Policy, 37(1), 229–236.
39.
NazliogluS., KayhanS., & AdiguzelU. (2014). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Turkey: Cointegration, linear and nonlinear Granger causality. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 9(4), 315–324.
40.
NiuS., DingY., NiuY., LiY., & LuoG. (2011). Economic growth, energy conservation and emissions reduction: A comparative analysis based on panel data for 8 Asian-Pacific countries. Energy Policy, 39(4), 2121–2131.
41.
OdhiamboN. M. (2009a). Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Tanzania: An ARDL bounds testing approach. Energy Policy, 37, 617–622.
42.
OdhiamboN. M. (2009b). Electricity consumption and economic growth in South Africa: A trivariate causality test. Energy Economics, 21, 635–640.
43.
PayneJ. E. (2009). On the dynamics of energy consumption and output in the US. Applied Energy, 86, 575–577.
44.
PayneJ. E. (2010). A survey of the electricity consumption-growth literature. Applied Energy, 87, 723–731.
45.
PesaranM., & ShinY. (1999). An autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach to cointegration analysis. In S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and economic theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frisch centennial symposium (pp. 371-413). Cambridge University Press.
46.
PesaranM., ShinY., & SmithR. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16, 289–326.
47.
PhillipsP. C., & PerronP. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
48.
SalahuddinM., AlamK., OzturkI., & SohagK. (2017). The effects of electricity consumption, economic growth, financial development and foreign direct investment on CO2 emissions in Kuwait. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 81, 2002–2010.
49.
SbiaR., ShahbazM., & HamdiH. (2014). A contribution of foreign direct investment, clean energy, trade openness, carbon emissions and economic growth to energy demand in UAE. Economic Modelling, 36, 191–197.
50.
SekantsiL. P., & OkotN. (2016). Electricity consumption-economic growth nexus in Uganda. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11(12), 1144–1149.
51.
SekantsiL. P., & ThamaeR. I. (2016). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Lesotho. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 11, 969–973.
52.
ShahbazM. (2015). Electricity consumption, financial development and economic growth nexus in Pakistan: A visit. Bulletin of Energy Economics, 3(2), 48–65.
53.
ShahbazM., & FeridunM. (2012). Electricity consumption and economic growth empirical evidence from Pakistan. Quality and Quantity, 46(5), 1583–1599.
54.
ShahbazM., & LeanH. H. (2012). The dynamics of electricity consumption and economic growth: A revisit study of their causality in Pakistan. Energy, 39(1), 146–153.
55.
ShahbazM., BenkraiemR., MiloudiA, & Lahiani.A. (2017). Production function with electricity consumption and policy implications in Portugal. Energy Policy, 110, 588–599.
56.
ShahbazM., HyeQ. M. A., TiwariA. K., & LeitãoN. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109–121.
57.
ShahbazM., SbiaR., HamdiH., & OzturkI. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622–631.
58.
ShahbazM., TangC. F., & ShabbirM. S. (2011). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Portugal using cointegration and causality approaches. Energy Policy, 39(6), 3529–3536.
59.
ShiuA., & LamP. L. (2004). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China. Energy Policy, 32(1), 47–54.
60.
SolarinS. A., & ShahbazM. (2013). Trivariate causality between economic growth, urbanisation and electricity consumption in Angola: Cointegration and causality analysis. Energy Policy, 60, 876–884.
61.
SqualliJ. (2007). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Bounds and causality analyses of OPEC members. Energy Economics, 29, 1192–1205.
62.
TambaJ. G., NsouandéléJ. L., LéléA. F., & SapnkenF. E. (2017). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Cameroon. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(11), 1007–1014.
63.
TangC. F., & TanE. C. (2013). Exploring the nexus of electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology innovation in Malaysia. Applied Energy, 104, 297–305.
64.
WangJ., ZhaoJ., & LiH. (2018). The electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in China: A bootstrap seemingly unrelated regression estimator approach. Computational Economics, 52(4), 1–17.
65.
Wolde-RufaelY. (2004). Disaggregated energy consumption and GDP: The experience of Shanghai, 1952–1999. Energy Economics, 26, 69–75.
66.
Wolde-RufaelY. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: A time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34, 1106–1114.
67.
YangH. Y. (2000). A note of the causal relationship between energy and GDP in Taiwan. Energy Economics, 22(2), 309–317.
68.
YooS. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: Evidence from Korea. Energy Policy, 33(12), 1627–1632.
69.
YooS. H., & KwakS. Y. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in seven South American countries. Energy Policy, 38, 181–188.
70.
YuanJ., ZhaoC., YuS., & HuZ. (2007). Electricity consumption and economic growth in China: Cointegration and co-feature analysis. Energy Economics, 29(6), 1179–1191.