In spite of the raised awareness of the need to promote gender sensitivity in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care since Cairo 1994, the concept of gender has yet to be fully integrated into SRH programmes and services on an operational level. Using case studies from the International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region, Inc., (IPPF/WHR) in Latin America and the Caribbean, this article explores the challenges and lessons learned from three different approaches to integrating gender into SRHprogrammes in HIVprevention, gender-based violence and quality of care.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (ACOG) (1999). Domestic violence. A COG Education Bulletin 257. Washington, DC: ACOG .
2.
— (2000). Adult manifestations of childhood sexual abuse . ACOG Educational Bulletin259. Washington, DC.ACOG.
3.
Bailey, J., A. Kellermann, G. Somes, J. Banton, F. Rivara and N. Rushforth (1997). Risk factors for violent death of women in the home. Archives of Internal Medicine, 157(7), 777-82.
4.
Becker, J. and E. Leitman (1997). Introducing sexuality within family planning. The experience of three HIV/STD prevention projects from Latin America and the Caribbean. Quality/Calidad/Qualité Series, 8. Population Council . Blanc, A. (2001). The effect of power in sexual relationships on sexual and reproductive health: An examination of the evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 32(3), 339-51.
5.
Cummings, S., H. van Dam and M. Valk (eds.) ( 1998). Gender training: The source book. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute.
6.
De Zoysa, I., M. Sweat and J. Denison (1996). Faithful but fearful: Reducing HIV transmission in stable relationships. AIDS, 10(supplement A), S197-203. Ellsberg , M., R. Peña, A. Herrera, J. Liljestrand and A. Winkvist (2000). Candies in hell: Women's experience of violence in Nicaragua. Social Science and Medicine, 51(11), 1595-1610.
7.
Guedes, A., S. Bott and Y. Cuca ( 2002). Integrating systematic screening for gender-based violence into sexual and reproductive health services: Results of a baseline study by the International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region . International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics , forthcoming. Gupta, G.R. (2000). Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: The what, the why, and the how. Plenary address at the XII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa, 9-14 July.
8.
Harwell, T., F. Casten, K. Armstrong, S. Dempsey, H. Coons and M. Davis (1998). Results of a domestic violence training program offered to the staff of urban community health centers: Evaluation Committee of the Philadelphia Family Violence Working Group. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 15(3), 235-42.
9.
Heise, L., M. Ellsberg and M. Gottemoeller (1999). Ending violence against women. Population Reports, 27(4), Series L (11).
10.
Helzner, Judith F. (2002). Transforming family planning services in the Latin American and Caribbean Region. Studies in Family Planning , 33(1), 49-60. International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region, Inc. (IPPF/WHR) (2000). Manual to evaluate quality of care from a gender perspective. New York: IPPF/WHR (available in English and Spanish at http://www.ippfwhr.org).
11.
Mcleer, S., R. Anwar, S. Herman and K. Maquiling (1989). Education is not enough: A systems failure in protecting battered women. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 18(6), 651-53.
12.
Overholt, C., M.B. Anderson, K. Cloud and J.E. Austin (1985). Gender roles in development projects. Connecticut: Kumarian Press.
13.
Population Council (2001). Power in sexual relationships: An opening dialogue among reproductive health professionals . New York: Population Council .
14.
Rao, R., R. Stuart and D. Kelleher (1999). Gender at work: Organizational change for equality . Connecticut: Kumarian Press .
15.
United Nations (1993). Declaration on the elimination of violence against women. Proceedings of the 85th Plenary Meeting, Geneva, 20 December.
16.
van Dam, H., A. Khadar and M. Valk. (eds.) (2000). Institutionalizing gender-equality: Commitment, policy and practice—A global source book. Amsterdam. Royal Tropical Institute.
