The making of the imperial subjects is as much a matter of historical process as the emergence of the empire. In the case of the Mughal state, this process started much before its actual establishment in the sixteenth century. The fifteenth century in North India was a period of unusual cultural ferment. The emergence of the Mughal imperial formation in the next century was intimately related to the fast congealing tendency of the north Indian society towards greater disciplining of itself. This tendency is evident in the multilingual literary cultures and diverse knowledge formations of the long fifteenth century.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlamMuzaffar. 1998. ‘The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics’, Modern Asian Studies, vol. 32(2): 317–49.
2.
AlamMuzaffar. 2004. The Languages of Political Islam in India, c. 1200–1800. Delhi: Permanent Black.
3.
AlamMuzaffarSubrahmanyamSanjay, eds. 1998. The Mughal State, 1526–1750. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4.
AlamMuzaffarSubrahmanyamSanjay. 2012. Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
5.
AliDaud. 2013. ‘Temporality, Narration and the Problem of History: A View from Western India c. 1100–1400’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 50(2): 237–59.
BamghaImre. 2014. ‘Early Hindi Epic Poetry in Gwalior: Beginnings and Continuities in the Rāmāyan of Vishnudas’, in After Timur Left: Culture and Circulation in Fifteenth Century North India, edited by OrsiniFrancescaSheikhSamira. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 365–402.
8.
BehlAditya. 2007. ‘Presence and Absence in Bhakti: An Afterword’, International Journal of Hindu Studies, vol. 11(3): 319–24.
9.
BenkeTheodore. 2010. ‘The Śūdrācāraśiromani of Krsn a Śesa: A 16th Century Manual of Dharma for Śūdras’, Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
10.
Bhāmah. 1985. Kāvyālankāra, edited and annotated by SharmaDevendranath. Patna: Bihar Rastra Bhāsā Parisad.
11.
BuschAllison. 2011. Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India. New York: Oxford University Press.
12.
Candeśvara. 1970. Rājanītiratnākara, edited by GairolāVāchaspatiJhaTārinīśa. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Vidyabhavan.
13.
ChattopadhyayaB.D.1998. Representing the Other? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims, 8th to 14th Centuries. New Delhi: Manohar.
14.
ErnstCarl W.n.d. ‘Situating Sufism and Yoga’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, vol. 15(1): 15–43.
15.
FoucaultMichel. 2003. ‘Society Must be Defended’: Lectures at the College de France, 1975–76, edited by BertaniMauroFontanaAlessandro (tr. MaceyDavid). New York: Picador.
16.
HabibIrfan. 1999. The Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707 (Second Revised Edition). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
17.
Hemacandra. 2007. Kāvyanuśāsana, edited by NandiTapasvi S., Patan: North Gujarat.
18.
IndenRonald. 2000. ‘Introduction: From Philological to Dialogical Texts’, in Querying the Medieval: Texts | the History of Practices in South Asia, edited by IndenRonaldWaltersJonathanAliDaud. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 3–28.
19.
JhaPankaj K.2008. ‘A Table Laden with Good Things: Reading a Fourteenth Century Sufi Text’, in Moveable Type: Book History in India, edited by GuptaAbhijitChakravortySwapan. Ranikhet: Permanent Black: 3–25.
20.
JhaPankaj K.2014. ‘Beyond the Local and the Universal: Exclusionary Strategies of Expansive Literary Cultures in Fifteenth Century Mithila’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 51(1): 1–40.
21.
JhaPankaj K.2015. ‘Reading Vidyapati: Language, Literature and Cultural Values in Fifteenth Century North Bihar’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Delhi.
22.
KhanIqtidar Alam. 1972. ‘The Turko-Mongol Theory of Kingship’, in Medieval India—A Miscellany, Vol. II, edited by NizamiK.A.Aligarh: 8–19, Asia Publishing House.
23.
KolffDirk H.A.1990. Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan 1450–1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24.
PrasadPushpa(ed. and trans.). 2007. Lekhapaddhati: Documents of State and Everyday Life from Ancient and Early Medieval Gujarat. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
25.
MajumdarR.C. (ed.). n.d.History and Culture of the Indian People: The Struggle for Empire. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
26.
Merutunga. 1982. Prabandhacintāmani or Wishing-stone of Narratives, translated by TawneyC.H.Delhi: Indian Book Gallery.
27.
OllettAndrew. 2016. Language of the Snakes: Sanskrit, Apabhramsa, Prakrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia University, New York.
28.
OrsiniFrancesca. 2012. ‘How to Do Multilingual Literary History: Lessons from Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century North India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 49(2): 225–46.
29.
Padmanabh. 1991. Kānhadade Prabandh, translated by BhatnagarV.S.New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
30.
PandeyRajkishor. 1966. Hindī Sāhitya kā Prārambhik Yug. Hyderabad: Navhind Prakashan.
31.
PhukanShantanu. 2001. ‘“Through Throats Where Many Rivers Meet’: The Ecology of Hindi in the World of Persian’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 38(1): 33–58.
32.
PollockSheldon. 1987. ‘Ramayana and Political Imagination in India’, Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 52(2): 261–97.
33.
PollockSheldon. 1998. ‘India in the Vernacular Millenium: Literary Culture and Polity, 1000–1500’, in Early Modernities, edited by Shmuel Eisenstadt, Wolfgang Schluchter and Bjorn Wittrock, special issue of Daedalus, vol. 127(3): 41–74.
34.
PollockSheldon. 1998. ‘The Cosmopolitan Vernacular’, The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 57(1): 6–37.
35.
PollockSheldon. 2001. ‘The Death of Sanskrit’, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 43(2): 392–426.
36.
PollockSheldon. 2001. ‘New Intellectuals in Seventeenth Century India’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 38(3): 2–31.
37.
PollockSheldon. 2006. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
RamanujanA.K.1991. ‘Three Hundred Rāmāyanas: Five Examples and Three Thoughts on Translation’, in Many Ramayanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia, edited by RichmanPaula. Berkeley: University of California Press: 22–49.
40.
RichardsJohn F.1993. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published in South Asia by Foundation Books, Delhi, 1993).
41.
SahuBhairavi Prasad. Forthcoming. ‘Sarala’s Odra-desa: Literary Representations of a Regional Society’.
42.
ScottJames. 2009. The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
43.
ShulmanDavid. 2005. ‘A Review Symposium: Literary Cultures in History’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 42(3): 378–85.
44.
SnellRupert. 1989. ‘Raskhan the Neophyte: Hindu Perspectives on a Muslim Vaishnava’, in Urdu and Muslim South Asia: Studies in Honour of Ralph Russell, edited by ShackleC. (pp. 29-37). London: SOAS.
45.
SreenivasanRamya. 2004. ‘The “Marriage” of “Hindu” and “Turak”: Medieval Rajput Histories of Jalor’, Medieval History Journal, vol. 7(1): 87–108.
46.
SreenivasanRamya. 2014. ‘Warrior Tales at Hinterland Courts in North India, c. 1370–1550’, in After Timur Left, edited by OrsiniFrancescaSheikhSamira. Delhi: Oxford University Press: 242–72.
47.
SubrahmanyamSanjay. 1992. ‘The Mughal State—Structure or Process? Reflections on Recent Western Historiograpy’, Indian Economic and Social History Review, vol. 29(3): 291–321.
48.
SukthankarV.S.1998. On the Meaning of the Mahābhārata. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass (originally published: Bombay, 1957).
TripathiR.P.1998. ‘The Turko-Mongol Theory of Kingship’, in The Mughal State 1526–1750, edited by AlamMuzaffarSubrahmanyamSanjay. New Delhi: Oxford University Press: 120–25.
51.
TrivediMadhu. 2008. ‘Images of Women from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Sufi Premakhyans’, in Rethinking a Millennium, edited by DattaRajat. Delhi: Aakar Books: 198–221.
52.
TruschkeAudrey.2016. Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court. Gurgaon: Penguin India (originally, New York: Columbia University Press, 2016).
Vidyapati. 1992. Kīrttilatā, edited and translated into Maithili by JhaGovind. Patna: Maithili Akademi.
55.
ZilliIshtiyaq Ahmad . ‘Development of Inshā Literature till the End of Akbar’s Reign’, inThe Making of Indo-Persian Culture, edited by AlamMuzaffarDelvoyeFrancoise ‘Nalini’GaborieauMarc. Delhi: Manohar and Centre de Sciences Humaines: 309–49.
