Literate but unskilled—and largely female—labor has thus far fuelled the tremendous increase in manufactured exports of garments and microelectronic products from the Third World to the industrially-advanced economies of the North. The future growth of these sectors, however, may require literate and skilled workers—a category in which women are woefully under-represented, especially in the Third World. In the case of the garment industry, defensive innovation in industrially-advanced countries, including automation and flexible management, has initiated a relocation of jobs to these countries or to offshore locations geographically close to their markets. Automated garment produc tion in these countries requires fewer but computer-literate workers. In the case of micro electronics, development policies of EastAsian countries and the competitive pressures on start-up companies in the North have led to an increased demand for computer-literate, skilled technicians over the unskilled and overwhelmingly female workforce of manual- assembly workers. Women's continued employment and advancement in these industries globally will depend upon their acquisition of new technical skills. The ratification by the 1995 international women's conference at Beijing of the demand for better access to edu cation and skills training for women, especially in the Third World, is a step in the right direction.
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