Central Bank of Sudan (Various Issues: 1999–2009). Central Bank of Sudan: Annual Report. Central Bank of Sudan.
2.
CooperC. (1991). Are innovation studies on industrialized economies relevant to technology policy in developing countries?UNU–INTECH Working Paper Series No. 3. Maastricht, the Netherlands: UNU–INTECH.
3.
CooperC. (1994). Science and technology in Africa under conditions of economic crisis and structural adjustment. UNU–INTECH Working Paper Series No.4. Maastricht, the Netherlands: UNU–INTECH.
4.
DasguptaP.DavidP. (1994). Toward a new economics of science. MERIT Research Memoranda Series No.2/94-003. Maastricht, the Netherlands: Maastricht University.
5.
ElaminH.B. (2009). Science, technology and innovation indicators. UNESCO sub-regional training workshop. Cairo: 28–30 September, Sudan Ministry of Science and Technology.
6.
ESCWA (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia). (1999a). Science and technology policies in the twenty-first century. New York: United Nations.
7.
ESCWA (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia). (1999b). ESCWA proceedings of the expert group meeting on science and technology policies and strategies in the twenty-first century. Beirut, 10–12 March. (E/ESCWA/TECH/1999/8/ Rev. 1: December 1999). New York: United Nations.
8.
ESCWA–UNESCO (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1998a). Research and development systems in the Arab states: Development of science and technology indicators. (E/ESCWA/TECH/1998/Rev. 1). Cairo, Egypt: UNESCO.
9.
ESCWA–UNESCO (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). (1998b). Research and development system in the Arab states: Development of science and technology indicators. (E/ESCWA/TECH/1998/3). Cairo, Egypt: UNESCO.
10.
FerganyN. (1999). Science and research for development in the Arab region. Chapter 2. In RachedE.CraissatiD. (Eds), Research for development in the Middle East and North Africa. Ottawa, Canada: IDRC.
11.
ForayD. (1999). Science, technology and market. In World Social Science Report. Paris: UNESCO/Elsevier.
12.
FreemanC.SoeteL. (1997). The economics of industrial innovation, 3rd edition. London, UK: Cassell.
13.
HaddadM. (2002). Export competitiveness: Where does the Middle East and North Africa region stand?Economic Trends in MENA Region. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum.
14.
HassanA.O. (2009). ‘Sudan national innovation system’. Paper presented at ‘The Presidential Initiative on the Reform of Science and Technology System in Sudan’, 5–6 January, Friendship Hall.
15.
HassanM.H.A. (2009). ‘Promoting excellence in STI for sustainable development in Africa’. Paper presented at the ‘International Workshop on Science and Technology Systems in Sudan’, 5–6 January, Khartoum, Sudan.
16.
LallS. (1999). Competing with labour: Skills and competitiveness in developing countries. Issues in Development Discussion Paper No.31. Development Policies Department, Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Organisation.
17.
LundvallB-Å. (Ed.) (1992). National systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning. London, UK: Pinter Publishers.
18.
Ministry of Science and Technology Annual Reports. 2003–2009.
19.
MuyskenJ.NourS. (2006), Deficiencies in education and poor prospects for economic growth in the Gulf countries: The case of the UAE, Journal of Development Studies, 42(6), 957–80.
NelsonR. (Ed.). (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative study. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
22.
NkweloM. (2008). The science and technology system of the Republic of Sudan. UNESCO.
23.
NourS. (2004). Science and technology (S&T) development indicators within the Arab Mediterranean countries. Paper prepared for The Fifth Mediterranean social and political research meeting, organised by the Mediterranean Programme of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute, Florence, Italy, 24–28 March.
24.
NourS. (2005a). Science and technology (S&T) development indicators in the Arab Region: A comparative study of Arab Gulf and Mediterranean countries. Published in UNU-INTECH Discussion Paper Series UNU–INTECHDPS2005–3, Maastricht, the Netherlands, August2005.
25.
NourS. (2005b). Science and Technology (S&T) Development Indicators in the Arab Region: A comparative Study of Arab Gulf and Mediterranean Countries. The Journal of Science, Technology and Society (SAGE Publications), Vol. 10; No. 2; September2005; pp. 249–74.
26.
NourS. (2005c). Technological Change and Skill Development in the Arab Gulf Countries. Doctoral Dissertation, Maastricht University Press, Maastricht, The Netherlands, November2005.
27.
NourS. (2010). Assessment of Science and Technology Indicators in Sudan. UNUMERIT Working Paper No. 2010-062, Maastricht, the Netherlands, December2010.
28.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). (1997). The second European report on S&T indicators 1997. Luxembourg, European Commission.
29.
QasemS. (1998a). Research and development in the Arab states: Development of science and technology indicators. Review of science and technology in ESCWA member countries, ESCWA (1999), Issue No.1. New York, NY: United Nations.
30.
QasemS. (1998b). Research and development systems in the Arab states: Development of science and technology indicators, Chapter 4. In Economic Trends in MENA Region 2002. Cairo, Egypt: Economic Research Forum and the American University in Cairo.
31.
RasiahR. (2002). TRIPs and capability building in developing economies. Discussion Paper No.1. Tokyo, Japan: UNU–INTECH.
32.
Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics (2008). Sudan Statistical Year Book: Sudan Statistics 1990– 2008. Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics.
33.
Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics Population Census Data. (November2010). 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census (2008), Sudan Central Bureau of Statistics, Khartoum, Sudan.
34.
Sudan Ministry of Finance and National Economy (Various Issues: 1997–2007). Sudan Ministry of Finance and National Economy—Annual Economic Survey Report. Sudan Ministry of Finance and National Economy.
35.
Sudan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). (2008). ‘Status of science and technology in Sudan’. Paper presented in ‘The Commission on Science and Technology for Development, Eleventh session’, 26–30 May, pp. 3–6, 65.
36.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2001). Summary human development report 2001: Making new technologies work for human development. New York, NY: UNDP; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
37.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2002). Human development report 2002: Deepening democracy in a fragmental world. New York, NY: UNDP; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
38.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2007/2008). Human development report 2007/2008: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. New York, NY: UNDP.
39.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2010). Human development report 2010: The real wealth of nations: Pathways to human development, Human Development Report 2010—20th anniversary edition sustainability and equity: A better future for All. New York: UNDP, Palgrave Macmillan.
40.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2011). Human development report 2011: Sustainability and equity: A better future for all. New York: UNDP, Palgrave Macmillan.
41.
UNDP–Arab Human Development Report (UNDP–AHDR). (2003). Arab human development report 2003: Building a knowledge society. Amman, Jordan: UNDP–RBAS;New York, NY: National Press.
42.
UNDP–Arab Human Development Report (UNDP–AHDR). (2009). Arab human development report 2009: Challenges to Human Security in the Arab Countries. Amman, Jordan: UNDP–RBAS;New York: National Press.
43.
UNESCO Statistics. (1996). www.unesco.org (accessed on 20 April 2005).
44.
UNESCO. (2006). R&D Statistics (2006). Retrieved from www.unesco.org (accessed on 10 July 2010).
45.
UNESCO Science Report (2010). UNESCO Institute for Statistics database, July2010.
46.
UNESCO. (2011). UIS web site UIS Data Centre (2011), ‘Global Background Information on Education Statistics: Beyond 20/20 WDS (2011)’ (accessed on 22 February 2011).
47.
Unpublished data and statistics from the General Registrar of IPR Sudan Office. (2010). (accessed on 10 July 2010).
48.
WIPO. (2007). Statistics on Applications for PCT (accessed on 10 July 2010).
49.
World Bank, World Development Indicators database (WDI). (2005). Retrieved from (accessed on 25 December 2005).
50.
World Bank, World Development Indicators database (WDI). (2012). Retrieved (accessed on 15 April 2012).
51.
VelhoL. (2004). Science and technology in Latin America and the Caribbean: An overview. The UNU-INTECH Discussion Paper series No 2004-4.
52.
ZahlanA. (1999a). Science policy for the twenty-first century: Mobilization and development. ‘Proceedings of the expert group meeting on science and technology policies and strategies for the twenty-first century’, pp. 14–16, Beirut, 10–12 March, (E/ESCWA/TECH/1999/8/Rev.1: December 1999). United Nations: New York.
53.
ZahlanA. (1999b). The Arabs and the challenges of science and technology: Progress without change. Beirut, Lebanon: The Centre for the Study of Arab Unity.