Abdelgafar, B. , H. Thorsteinsdóttir , U. Quach , P.A. Singer and S.A. Daar (2004), ‘ The Emergence of Egyptian Biotechnology from Generics ’, Nature Biotechnology, 22 (December supplement), pp. 25–30 .
2.
Bertrand F. and G. Coté (2004), Benchmarking of Genomics and Health Biotechnology in Seven Developing Countries, 1991–2002. Canada: Science Metrix, Joint Center for Bioethics, University of Toronto .
3.
Brenner, C. (2004), Telling Transgenic Technology Tales: Lessons from the Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP). Experience ISAAA, Briefs No. 31. Ithaca, NY: ISAAA .
4.
de Beauvais, C. (2005), Rapport sur les biotechnologies en Egypte [Report on biotechnolgy research in Egypt], Centre Français de Culture et de Coopération, Le Caire .
5.
de Hoop, B. (1996), ‘ A Case Study on Egypt: Effects of external Funding on Biotechnology Transfer ’, Biotechnology and Development Monitor, 28 (September), pp. 18–22 .
6.
Eskandarany, S. and A.B. Khairy (2007), ‘ Scientific Research and Innovation in Egypt ’, paper presented at Scientific and Technological Innovation: National Experience and International Cooperation, UNIDO-ICSTI International Seminar, Vienna, 29–30 May.
7.
Heywood, Miller, Jo Anne (2006), Promoting Venture Capital Business in Egypt, Final Report, July. Cairo: IDRC .
8.
ISESCO (2004), Strategy for the Development of Biotechnology in the Islamic World. Medinat El Irfane, Morocco: Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation .
9.
Koenig, R. (2007), ‘ Science Policy: Egypt Plans a Shakeup of Research Programs ’, Science, 317(5834), pp. 30 .
10.
Kumar, K.N. , U. Quach , H. Thorsteinsdóttir , H. Somsekhar , A.S. Daar and P.A. Singer (2004), ‘ Indian Biotechnology—Rapid Evolving and Industry Led ’, Nature Biotechnology, 22, pp. 31–36 .
11.
Madkour, M.A. , A. El Nawawy and L.P. Traynor (2000), Analysis of a National Biosafety System: Regulatory Policies and Procedures in Egypt. ISNAR Country Report No. 62, Den Haag, Netherlands , p. 41.
12.
Madkour, M.A. (2000), ‘Egypt: Biotechnology from Laboratory to the Marketplace: Challenges and Opportunities’, in G.J. Persley and M.M. Lantin , eds, Agriculture Biotechnology and the Poor: Proceedings of an International Conference. Washington, DC : 21–29 October.
13.
Moisseron, J.Y. and F. Clément (2007), ‘ Changement visibles et invisibles: la question de l’émergence de l’économie égyptienne ’ [Visible and Invisible Changes in Emerging Egypt], Politique Africaine, 108, pp. 106–25 .
14.
MUSCAT (2004), Report 2004. El Borg el Arab, Alexandria, Egypt: MUSCAT , p. 59.
15.
OECD–World Bank (2010), Higher Education in Egypt. Review of National Policies for Education. Washington: OECD–World Bank, DC , http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/browseit/9110021E.PDF.
16.
Quach, U. , H. Thorsteinsdóttir , J. Renihan , B. Archana , Z.C. Von Aesch , P.A. Singer and A.S. Daar (2006), ‘ Biotechnology Patenting Take Off in Developing Countries ’, International Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1–2), pp. 43–58 .
17.
Rezaie, R. , E.S. Frew , S. Sammut , M.R. Maliakkal , A.S. Darr and P.A. Singer (2008), ‘ Brazilian Health Biotech-Fosterine Crosstalk between Public and Private Sectors ’, Nature Biotechnology, 26 (6), pp. 627–44 .
18.
Sawahel, M. (2004), ‘ Funding Boost for Egyptian Technology University ’, SciDev.net., 9 July.
19.
Thorsteindottir, H. , A.S. Daar and P.A. Singer (2006), ‘ Health Biotechnology Publishing Take-off in Developing Countries ’, International Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1–2), pp. 23–42 .
20.
UNPD (2009), Arab Knowledge Report. Dubaï, United Arab Emirates: Al Ghurair Printing and Publishing House, L.L.C .
21.
USDA (2005), Foreign Agricultural Service. GAIN Report Number EG5013, http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200507/146130320.pdf (accessed in 2010).
22.
USDA (2008), Foreign Agricultural Service. GAIN Report Number EG8008, http://www.fas.usda.gov/gainfiles/200804/146294295.pdf (accessed in 2010).
23.
USDA (2009), Foreign Agricultural Service. GAIN Report Number EG9012, http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Biotechnology_Cairo_Egypt_7-15-2009.pdf (accessed in 2010).