This paper represents a diagnosis of the changes going on in scientific professional practice in Africa (south of the Sahara, excluding South Africa). Thefree market approach and economic crisis have led to the dissolution of the national-based research systems, which had been elaborated in the 1960s and 1970s. With institutions disintegrated and their profession in ruins, researchers have been pushed into what became a free market for scientific work. However, this new form of knowledge production is encountering certain limitations. On the initiative of some researchers themselves or world sponsors, some reconstruction is under way. The new fledgling institutions are local or regional, rather than nationally based.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adboye, T. (1998), 'Africa', World Science Report, 1998Paris: Elsevier and UNESCO Publishing.
2.
Amuwo, K. (2000), 'The Discourse of Political Elites on Higher Education in Nigeria', in Lebeau and M. Ogunsanya, eds, The Dilemma of Post Colonial Universities.Ibadan: IFRA/ABB , pp. 1-26.
3.
Bonneuil, C. (1999), 'Penetrating the Natives: Peanut Breeding, Peasants and the Colonial State in Senegal: 1900-1950', Science, Technology & Society, 4 (2), pp. 273-302.
4.
Chatelin, Y., and R. Arvanitis (1988), Stratégies Scientifiques et DéveloppementParis: Orstom.
5.
Eisemon, T.O. (1982), The Science Profession in the Third WorldNew York: Praeger, p. 164.
6.
Eisemon, T.O., and C.H. Davis (1997), 'Kenya: Crisis in the Scientific Community', in J. Gaillard, V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast, eds, Scientific Communities in the Developing World. New Delhi : Sage Publications.
7.
Gaillard, J., and R. Waast (1992), 'The Uphill Emergence of Scientific Communities in Africa', Journal of Asian and African Studies , 27 (12), pp. 41-67.
8.
- ( 1998), 'La recherche Scientifique en Afrique', Afrique Contemporaine, 148, pp. 3-29.
9.
Gaillard, J., V.V. Krishna and Roland Waast, eds (1997). Scientific Communities in the Developing World.New Delhi: Sage Publications.
10.
Gaillard, J., and A.F. Tullberg (2001), Questionnaire Survey of African ScientistsStockolm: International Foundation for Science.
11.
Hagenbucher-Sacripanti, F. (1992), Santé et Rédemption par les Génies au CongoParis: Publisud.
12.
Headrick, D.R. (2000). The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850-1940New York: Oxford University Press.
13.
Hudu, A. (2000), 'Working and Living Conditions of Academic Staff in Nigeria: Strategies for Survival at Ahmadu Bello University', in Y. Lebeau and M. Ogunsanya, eds, The Dilemma of Post Colonial Universities.Ibadan: IFRA/ABB , pp. 209-40.
14.
Khelfaoui, H. (2001), 'Rapport pays: le Burkina Faso', in Les sciences en AfriqueParis: IRD.
15.
Krishna, V.V. ( 1997), 'Science, Technology and Counter Hegemony', in T. Shinn, J. Spaapen and V.V. Krishna, eds, Science and Technology in a Developing World: Yearbook of the Sociology of the Sciences , Vol. 19. Dordrecht, Boston and London: Kluwer, pp. 375-411.
16.
Krishna, V.V., R. Waast and J. Gaillard (1998), 'Globalisation and Scientific Communities in the Developing Countries', in World Science Report, 1998Paris: Elsevier and UNESCO Publishing.
17.
Lebeau, Y. (1997), Etudiants et Campus du NigeriaParis: Kaithala.
18.
Lebeau, Y., and M. Ogunsanya, eds (2000), The Dilemma of Post Colonial Universities.Ibadan: IFRA/ABB .
19.
MacLeod, R. (1987), 'On Visiting the Moving Metropolis: Retlections on the Architecture of Imperial Science', in N. Reingold and W. Rosenberg, eds, Scientific Colonialism: A Cross-cultural Comparison.Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press .
20.
Ndiaye, F. (2000), 'La Condition des Universitaires Sénégalais', in Y. Lebeau and M. Ogunsanya, eds, The Dilemma of Post Colonial Universities.Ibadan: IFRA/ABB , pp. 169-207.
21.
Odhiambo, T. (1993), 'Status of World Science: Africa', World Science Report, 1993Paris: UNESCO Publishing .
22.
- ( 1996), 'Status of World Science: Africa', World Science Report, 1996Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
23.
Ogunsanya, M. (2000), 'Impact of Campus Secret Cult Organizations on University Administration: A Case Study of the University of Ibadan', in Y. Lebeau and M. Ogunsanya, eds, The Dilemma of Post Colonial Universities.Ibadan: IFRA/ABB , pp. 75-92.
24.
Osborne, M.A. (1994), Nature, the Exotic, and the Science of French ColonialismIndianapolis: Indiana University Press.
25.
Petitjean, P., ed. (1996), Les Sciences Colonials: Figures et Institutions.Paris: ORSTOM-UNESCO .
26.
Petitjean, P., C. Jami and A.M. Moulin, eds (1992), Science and Empires.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
27.
Petitperrin, M.C. (1996), Les Dépenses Publiques Françaises pour la Recherche au Service du DéveloppementParis: CNC, Ministère Français de la Recherche.
28.
Schwartzman, S. (1995), 'La Coopération Internationale en Temps de Crise', in Les Sciences hors d'Occident au 20° siècle: Grandes ConférencesParis: ORSTOM-UNESCO.
29.
Tostensen, A., R. Oygard, J. Carlsson and R. Andersen (1999), Building Research Capability in Africa . Oslo: Research Council of Norway.
30.
Unesco (1996), Statistical Yearbook, 1996Paris: UNESCO.
31.
Waast, R. ( 1993), Indicateurs pour Guider la Stratégie d 'un Programme de Coopération ScientifiqueBrussels: Commission Européenne (DG XII Recherche).
32.
- ( 2001), The State of Science in Africa: A SurveyParis: IRD (16-vol. mimeo).
33.
- ( 2002), The State of Science in Africa: An OverviewParis: Ministère des Affaires Etrangères.
34.
- ( 2003), 'Science Policies in Africa', in R. Arvanitis ed., Science & Technology Policy: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.EOLSS-UNESCO (online).
35.
Waast, R., and J. Gaillard (2000), 'L'aide à la Recherche en Afrique Subsatarienne: Comment Sortir de la Dépendance?', Autrepart , 13, pp. 71-89.
36.
Widstrand, C. (1992), Tanzania: Development of Scientific Research, 1977-1991Stockholm : SAREC (Documentation: Research Surveys), p. 154.
37.
Worboys, M. (1996), 'British Colonial Science Policy (1918-1939)' , in P. Petitjean, ed., Les Sciences Coloniales: Figures et Institutions.Paris: ORSTOM-UNESCO .
