This article draws out the process by which China developed its science and technology policy for economic and social development in the second half of the twentieth century. The two sections following the introduction discuss science and technology policy respec tively in the first period of economic development, which was from the 1950s to 1978, and in the second period, which started in 1978 and continued in the 1990s. The last section summarises the discussions in the previous sections, and points out some major chal lenges that the science and technology policy of China might encounter in the years of the new century.
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