In a technology-driven global order, technological capabilities of a country are an impor tant determinant of its competitive strength both at home and in the world market. R&D efforts of its entrepreneurs are thus of critical importance. This paper considers India's R&D efforts in the context of a development paradigm shift from inward to the one of out ward orientation. It considers directional changes and thrusts of India's science and tech nology policies and R&D efforts in the context of emerging technological challenges. It finally suggests policy initiatives that would enable India to create its own niche and emerge as an important player in the global market.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahmed, R. and M. Rakesh (1991), Insight into Scientific Research in Indian Universities and the Institute of TechnologyNew Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
2.
Alagh, Y.K. (1998), 'Technological Change in Indian Industry', Economic and Political Weekly, 33 (4), pp. 181-84.
3.
Barga, C.A.P. (1996), 'Trade Related Intellectual Property Issues: The Uruguay Round Agreement and Its Economic Implications', in Will Martin and L. Alan Winters, eds, The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 341-79.
4.
Business India (1999), 'Catalyst for Change' , 28 July-11 July, pp. 50-57.
5.
Chakravarty, S. (1987), Development Planning: The Indian ExperienceOxford: Clarendon Press.
6.
Chandra, Nirmal Kumar (1997), 'Trade Technology and Development', in Deepak Nayyar, ed., Trade and Industrialisation.Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 169-224.
7.
Cohen, W.M., D.A. Levinthal and N. Stern (1989), 'Innovation and Learning: The TWo Facets of R&D' , Economic Journal, 99 (397-98), pp. 569-96.
8.
Dasgupta, Biplab (1998), Structural Adjustment, Global Trade and the New Political Economy of DevelopmentNew Delhi: Vistar Publications.
9.
Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) (1998a), Directory of Recognised In-house R&D UnitsNew Delhi: DSIR.
10.
- ( 1998b), 'Research and Development in Industry: An Overview' . Paper brought out for the Twelfth National Conference on In-house R&D in Industry, 22-23 December, DST, New Delhi .
11.
Department of Science and Technology (DST) ( 1983), Technology Policy Statement, 1983New Delhi: DST
12.
- ( 1997a), Research and Development Statistics: 1994-95New Delhi: DST.
13.
- ( 1997b), Data Book: 1995New Delhi: DST
14.
- ( 1998), Brief Statement of Activities and Achievements (1997-98)New Delhi: DST.
15.
-. ( 1999), Research and Development Statistics: 1996-97New Delhi: DST.
16.
Gruber, W., D. Mehta and R. Vernon (1967), 'The R&D Factor in International Trade and Investment in United States', Journal of Political Economy , 75 (1), pp. 20-37.
17.
Hagedoorn. J.H. (1996), 'Trends and Patterns in Strategic Technology Partnering since the Early Seventies', Review of Industrial Organisation , 11 (5) pp. 601-16.
18.
Islam, I. and A. Choudhary (1997), Asia-Pacific Economies: A SurveyLondon: Rouledge.
19.
Kabiraj, T. (1994), 'Intellectual Property Rights, TRIPs and Technology Transfer', Economic and Political Weekly , 29 (47), pp. 2990-98.
20.
Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul and Y.S. Rajan (1998), India 2020: A Vision for the New MillenniumNew Delhi: Penguin Books.
21.
Katrak, H. (1997), 'The Private Use of Publicly Funded Industrial Technologies in Developing Countries: Empirical Tests for an Industrial Research Institute in India', World Development , 25 (9), pp. 1541-50.
22.
- ( 1990), 'Imports of Technology and the Technological Effort of Indian Enterprises', World Development , 18 (3), pp. 371-82.
23.
Kim, L. ( 1997), Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's Technological LearningBoston: Harvard Business School Press.
24.
Kolter, P., Siew Meng Leong, Swee Hoon Ang and Chin Toing Tan (1996), Marketing Management: An Asian PerspectiveSingapore: Prentice-Hall.
25.
Krishna, V.V. (1994), 'Science Policies to Innovation Strategies: "Local" Networking and Coping with Internationalism in the Developing Country Context' , Knowledge & Policy, 6 (3-4), pp. 134-56.
26.
- ( 2000a), 'Changing S&T Policy Cultures, Phases and Trends in Science and Technology in India'. Mimeo, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi.
27.
- ( 2000b), 'Reflection on the Changing Status of Academic Science in India', International Social Science Journal , forthcoming.
28.
Kumar, Nagesh (1998), 'Technology Generation and Technology Transfers in the World Economy: Recent Trends and Implications for Developing Countries' , Science, Technology & Society, 3 (2), pp. 265-306.
29.
- ( 1999), 'Multinational Enterprises, Overseas R&D Activities and the Global Technology Order, Research and Information System for the Non-Aligned and Other Developing countries'. Occasional Paper No. 56, Research Information Systems for Non-aligned Countries, New Delhi.
30.
Lall, Sanjaya (1998), 'Technology and Human Capital in Maturing Asian Countries', Science Technology & Society , 3 (1), pp. 11-48.
31.
Mwb (1996), An Alternative Model of IPRs: Lessons from World of Publishing', Economic and Political Weekly, 31 (4), pp. 200-201.
32.
Manoj, V. (1998), 'Patents on Life, India and TRIP Mandate', Economic and Political Weekly, 33 (4), pp. 152-55.
33.
Mashelkar, R.A. (1999), 'The Technology Challenge for India in the New International Environment'. An invited lecture at India Habitat Centre, 17 March, New Delhi.
34.
Nachane, D.M. (1995), 'Intellectual Property Rights in the Uruguay Round: An Indian Perspective', Economic and Political Weekly , 30 (5), pp. 257-68.
35.
Nayyar, Deepak (1993), 'Intellectual Property Rights and LDCs', Economic and Political Weekly, 27 (6), pp. 271-74.
36.
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (1999), Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard, 1999Paris: OECD.
37.
Oman, Charles (1996), 'The Policy Challenges of Globalisation and Regionalisation' . Policy Brief No. 11, OECD Development Centre, Paris.
38.
Onyeiwu, Steve, (1996), 'Beyond Conventions: New R&D and its Organisational/Policy Implications', Economic and Political Weekly , 31 (2), pp. M42-M44.
39.
Panchamukhi, V.R., (1997), 'South-South Co-operation: An Overview of Possibilities and Challenges', RIS Digest, 14 (1-3), pp. 137-66.
40.
- ( 1998), Contemporary International EconomicsNew Delhi: Bookwell.
41.
Ramachandran, R. (1998), 'Funding Technology Development', Business India, 24 August-6 September, pp. 125-30.
42.
Rangarajan, C. (1999), 'Science, Technology and Economic Growth'Paper presented at the Eighteenth Kelkar Alumni Lecture, Indian Institute of Technology, 20 March, Kanpur.
43.
Reddy, Prasada (1997), 'New Trends in Globalization of Corporate R&D and Implications for Innovation Capability in Host Countries: A Survey from India', World Development, 25 (11), pp. 1821-37.
44.
Sahai, Suman (1993), 'Indian Patents and TRIPs', Economic and Political Weekly, 28 (29-30), pp. 1495-97.
45.
Siddharthan, N.S. (1992), 'Transaction Costs, Technology Transfer and In-house R&D: A Study of the Indian Private Corporate Sector', Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organisation, 18 (2), pp. 265-71.
46.
Srinivasan, TN (1998), Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System: From the GATT to the Uruguay Round and the FutureNew Delhi: Oxford University Press.
47.
Tilton, J.H. (1971 ), International Diffusion of Technology: The Case of Semi-conductorsWashington, DC: The Brooking Institution.
48.
Tulder, R.V. and G. Junne (1988): European Multinationals in Core TechnologiesLondon : Wiley.
49.
Unctad (1989), Impact of Technological Changes on Pattern of International Trade (UNCTAD/ITP/16 - UNCTAD/ITP/TEC/3)Geneva: UNCTAD.
50.
- ( 1995), World Investment ReportGeneva: UNCTAD.
51.
- ( 1996a), 'Integration and Industrialisation in East Asia: The Flying Geese Paradigm', in Trade and Development ReportGeneva: UNCTAD, pp. 75-105.
52.
Unctad (1996b): Cooperation among Developing Countries in a Globalising Economy : Issues and Action Reprinted in RIS digest (1997), 14 (1-3), pp.
53.
- ( 1997), World Investment ReportGeneva: UNCTAD.
54.
Undp (1999), Human Development Report 1999Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55.
Valluri, S.R. (1990), 'Management of R&D Institutions and Self Reliance' , Economic and Political Weekly, 25 (34), p. M111-M114.
56.
-. ( 1997), 'Industrial Research and Scientific Workers', Economic and Political Weekly, 33 (8), pp. 392-95.
57.
Vernon, R., 1979, 'The Product Cycle Hypothesis in a New International Environment' , Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics , 41 (3), pp. 255-67.
58.
Vernon, R., ed. (1970): The Technology Factor in the International Trade.Chicago: University of Chicago.
59.
World Bank (1999), World Development Report 1998/99New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
