This article discusses the changing nature of the Israeli identity and core values against the backdrop of political and social processes that took place in Israel in recent decades. Special attention was given to manifestations of collective victimhood within the framework of the Israeli society and politics and the way the latter obstructed social inclusion of Arab Israelis and of acknowledging commonalities between Jewish and non-Jewish Israelis.
AaronsohnR. (1996). Settlement in Eretz Israel: A colonialist enterprise? ‘Critical’ scholarship and historical geography. Israel Studies, 1(2), 214–229.
AntonovskyA. (1987). Unraveling the mystery of health: How people manage stress and stay well. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
5.
Anzulovic. (1999). Heavenly Serbia: From myth to genocide. London: Hurst.
6.
ApterD. (1997). The legitimization of violence. Washington Square, NY: New York University Press.
7.
AquinoK.ByronK. (2002). Dominating interpersonal behavior and perceived victimization in groups: Evidence for a curvilinear relationship. Journal of Management, 28(1), 69–87.
8.
AradU.GalA. (2006). Patriotism and Israel’s national security: Herzliya patriotism survey 2006 (p. 35). IDC Herzlia: Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy Institute for Policy and Strategy.
9.
ArianA.TalmudI.HermannT. (1988). National security and public opinion in Israel. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
10.
Bar-TalD. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
11.
Bar-TalD. (2003). Collective memory of physical violence: Its contribution to the culture of violence. In CairnsE.RoeM. D. (Eds.), The role of memory in ethnic conflict (pp. 77–93). Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
12.
Bar-TalD. (2007a). Living with the conflict: Socio-psychological analysis of the Israeli-Jewish society. Jerusalem: Carmel.
13.
Bar-TalD. (2007b). Socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(11), 1430–1453.
14.
Bar-TalD.AntebiD. (1992). Siege mentality in Israel. Papers on Social Representations, 1(1), 49–67.
15.
Bar-TalD. E.StaubE. E. (1997). Patriotism: In the lives of individuals and nations. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
16.
Bar-TalD.Chernyak-HaiL.SchoriN.GundarA. (2009). A sense of self-perceived collective victimhood in intractable conflicts. International Review of the Red Cross, 91(874), 229–258.
17.
BasriC. (2002). The Jewish refugees from Arab countries: An examination of legal rights—A case study of the human rights violations of Iraqi Jews. Fordham International Law Journal, 26(3), 656–720.
18.
BernsteinR. J. (1996). Hannah Arendt and the Jewish question. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
19.
BourdieuP.FarageS. (1994). Rethinking the state: Genesis and structure of the bureaucratic field. Sociological Theory, 12(1), 1–18.
20.
BurtonJ. (1990). Conflict: Human needs theory. Berlin: Springer.
21.
CairnsE.MallettJ.LewisC.WilsonR. (2003). Who are the Victims? Self-assessed Victimhood and the Northern Irish Conflict. Belfast: Northern Ireland Statistics & Research Agency Belfast.
22.
Central Bureau of Statistic. (2017). Population of Israel on the eve of 2018. Israel: Press Release.
23.
CohenA. (1998). Israel and the bomb. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
24.
CohenS. A. (2004). Dilemmas of military service in Israel: The religious dimension. The Torah U-Madda Journal, 12, 1–23.
25.
CohenA.SusserB. (2000). Israel and the politics of Jewish identity: The secular-religious impasse. Baltimore, MD: JHU Press.
26.
ConfinoA. (2005). Remembering the Second World War, 1945–1965: Narratives of victimhood and genocide. Cultural Analysis, 4, 46–75.
27.
ConfortiY. (2011). ‘The new Jew’ in the Zionist movement: Ideology and historiography. The Australian Journal of Jewish Studies, 25, 87–119.
28.
ConnertonP. (1989). How societies remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29.
DavidO.Bar-TalD. (2009). A socio-psychological conception of collective identity: The case of national identity as an example. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 354–379.
30.
DavisM. H. (2018). Empathy: A social psychological approach. New York, NY: Routledge.
31.
Don-YehiyaE. (1995). Political religion in a new state: Ben-Gurion’s Mamlachtiyut. In TroenS. I.LucasN. (Eds.), Israel: The first decade of independence (pp. 171–194). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
32.
DoughertyJ. W. (1985). Directions in cognitive anthropology. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
33.
EfronN. J. (2003). Real Jews: Secular versus ultra-orthodox and the struggle for Jewish identity in Israel. New York, NY: Basic Books (AZ).
34.
EnloeC. H. (1980). Ethnic soldiers: State security in divided societies. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
35.
GalR. (1999). The motivation for serving in the IDF: In the mirror of time. Jaffe Strategic Assessment, 2(3), 11–16.
36.
GarkaweS. (2004). Revisiting the scope of victimology: How broad a discipline should it be?International Review of Victimology, 11(2–3), 275–294.
37.
GavisonR. (1999). Jewish and democratic? A rejoinder to the ‘ethnic democracy’ debate. Israel Studies, 4(1), 44–72.
38.
HabibiE. (1986). Your Holocaust our catastrophe. Politica, 8, 26–27.
39.
HadjipavlouM. (2007). The Cyprus conflict: Root causes and implications for peace-building. Journal of Peace Research, 44(3), 349–365.
40.
HarevenA. (1983). Victimization: Some comments by an Israeli. Political Psychology, 4(1), 145–155.
41.
HermanJ. L. (2015). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence: From domestic abuse to political terror. London: Hachette.
42.
HerzogH. (1998). Women’s status in the shadow of security. In Bar TalD.JacobsonD.KliemanA. (Eds.), Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience (pp. 329–346). Stamford, CT: JAI Press.
43.
HirstW.YamashiroJ. K.ComanA. (2018). Collective memory from a psychological perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(5), 438–451.
44.
HolsteinJ. A.MillerG. (1990). Rethinking victimization: An interactional approach to victimology. Symbolic Interaction, 13(1), 103–122.
45.
HunterJ. A.StringerM.WatsonR. P. (1991). Intergroup violence and intergroup attributions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30(3), 261–266.
JostJ. T.MajorB. (2001). The psychology of legitimacy: Emerging perspectives on ideology, justice, and intergroup relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48.
KansteinerW. (2002). Finding meaning in memory: A methodological critique of collective memory studies. History and Theory, 41(2), 179–197.
KaufmanH.GalilyY. (2009). Sport, Zionist ideology and the State of Israel. Sport in Society, 12(8), 1013–1027.
51.
KelmanH. C. (1997). Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict. In ZartmanI. W.RasmussenJ. L. (Eds.), Peacemaking in international conflict: Methods and techniques (pp. 191–237). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
52.
KhaliliL. (2007). Heroes and martyrs of Palestine: The politics of national commemoration (Vol. 27). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53.
KimmerlingB. (1993). Militarism in Israeli society. Theory and Criticism, 4, 123–140.
54.
KimmerlingB.BackerI. (1985). The interrupted system: Israeli civilians in war and routine times. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
55.
KrystalH. (1968). Massive psychic trauma. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
LeviP. (1986). The reawakening (HallS., Trans.). New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
58.
LiebmanC. (1978). Myth, tradition and values in Israeli society. Midstream, 24(1), 44–53.
59.
LiebmanC. S.Don-YihyaE. (1983). Civil religion in Israel. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
60.
LissakM. (1995). The civilian components of Israel’s security doctrine: The evolution of civil-military relations in the first decade. In TorenS. I.LucasN. (Eds.), Israel: The first decade of independence (pp. 575–591). New York, NY: State University of New York Press.
61.
LiuJ. H.HiltonD. J. (2005). How the past weighs on the present: Social representations of history and their role in identity politics. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(4), 537–556.
62.
MakiyaK. (1999). On victims and victimhood: The Iraqi case. Current History, 98(625), 96.
63.
MarxK. (1975 [1844]). On the Jewish question. Marx/Engels Collected Works (Vol. 3, pp. 146–174). London: Lawrence & Wishart.
64.
MertonR. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
65.
NadlerA.ShnabelN. (2006). Instrumental and socioemotional paths to intergroup reconciliation and the needs-based model of socioemotional reconciliation. In NadlerA.MalloyT.FisherT. (Eds.), Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation (pp. 37–56). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
66.
NetanyahuB. (1993). A place among the nations: Israel and the world. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
67.
NoorM.James BrownR.PrenticeG. (2008). Precursors and mediators of intergroup reconciliation in Northern Ireland: A new model. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(3), 481–495.
68.
OrenN.Bar-TalD. (2007). The detrimental dynamics of delegitimization in intractable conflicts: The Israeli–Palestinian case. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31(1), 111–126.
69.
PappeI. (2007). The ethnic cleansing of Palestine. London: Oneworld Publications.
70.
PeledY. (1992). Ethnic democracy and the legal construction of citizenship: Arab citizens of the Jewish state. American Political Science Review, 86(2), 432–443.
71.
PerkoF. M. (2003). Education, socialization, and development of national identity: The American common school and Israel defense forces in transnational perspective. Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies, 21(2), 101–119.
72.
RamanathapillaiR. (2006). The politicizing of trauma: A case study of Sri Lanka. Peace and Conflict, 12(1), 1–18.
73.
RavivY. (2015). Falafel nation: Cuisine and the making of national identity in Israel. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
74.
RobbenA. C.Su’arez-OrozcoM. (2000). Cultures under siege: Collective violence and trauma (Vol. 11). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75.
RosenbergS. (2003). Victimhood (Intractable conflict knowledge base project). Boulder, CO: Conflict Research Consortium, University of Colorado.
76.
RouhanaN. N. (2006). ‘Jewish and democratic’? The price of a national self-deception. Journal of Palestine Studies, 35(2), 64–74.
77.
RouhanaN. N.Bar-TalD. (1998). Psychological dynamics of intractable ethnonational conflicts: The Israeli–Palestinian case. American Psychologist, 53(7), 761.
78.
RoumaniM. M.GoldmanD.KornH. (1975). The case of the Jews from Arab countries: A neglected issue (Vol. 1). Jerusalem: Initiating Committee, World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries.
79.
RubinsteinA. (1967). Law and religion in Israel. Israel Law Review, 2(3), 380–414.
80.
SahdraB.RossM. (2007). Group identification and historical memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(3), 384–395.
81.
SaidE. W. (1979). Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims. Social Text, 1, 7–58.
82.
SchiffZ. (1985). A history of the Israeli army 1874 to the present. New York, NY: Macmillan.
83.
SchweidE. (2002). Jewishness and Israeliness. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 8(4), 84.
84.
SidaniusJ.PrattoF. (1999). Social dominance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
85.
SimhoniY. (1961, May11). The Eichmann trial’s conclusions: Security is the key to our existence. Davar.
86.
SmoohaS. (2002). The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. Nations and Nationalism, 8(4), 475–503.
87.
SmythM. (2001). Putting the past in its place: Issues of victimhood and reconciliation in Northern Ireland’s peace process. In BiggarN. (Ed.), Burying the past: Making peace and doing justice after civil conflict (pp. 107–130). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
88.
StaubE. (2006). Reconciliation after genocide, mass killing, or intractable conflict: Understanding the roots of violence, psychological recovery, and steps toward a general theory. Political Psychology, 27(6), 867–894.
89.
StaubE.Bar-TalD. (2003). Genocide, mass killing and intractable conflict: Roots, evolution, prevention and reconciliation. In SearsD. O.HuddyL.JervisR. (Eds.), Handbook of political psychology (pp. 710–751). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
90.
SteinH. F. (1978). Judaism and the group-fantasy of martyrdom: The psychodynamic paradox of survival through persecution. The Journal of Psychohistory, 6(2), 151.
91.
StroblR. (2004). Constructing the victim: Theoretical reflections and empirical examples. International Review of Victimology, 11(2–3), 295–311.
92.
SykesC. J. (1992). A nation of victims: The decay of the American character. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
93.
Trevor-RoperH. (1961, April9). Behind the Eichmann trial. The Sunday Times.
94.
TroenI. S. (2007). De-Judaizing the homeland: Academic politics in rewriting the history of Palestine. Israel Affairs, 13(4), 872–884.
95.
VianoE. C. (1989). Victimology today: Major issues in research and public policy. In VianoE. C. (Ed.), Crime and its victims: International research and public policies issues (pp. 3–14). New York, NY: Hemisphere.
96.
VolkanV. (1997). Blood lines: From ethnic pride to ethnic terrorism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
97.
VollhardtJ. R. (2009). The role of victim beliefs in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Risk or potential for peace?Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 15(2), 135–159.
98.
WohlM. J.BranscombeN. R. (2008). Remembering historical victimization: Collective guilt for current in-group transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 988.
99.
YadinU. (1951). Sources and tendencies of Israel law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 99(5), 561–571.
100.
YoungJ. E. (1993). The texture of memory: Holocaust memorials and meaning. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
101.
ZertalI. (1998). From catastrophe to power: The Holocaust survivors and the emergence of Israel. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
102.
ZertalI. (2005). Israel’s Holocaust and the politics of nationhood (Vol. 21). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.