The notion of development as an objective phenomenon views it as if it occurs "out there". Thus conceptions of development entail endpoints or idealised goals to be achieved. The developmental trajectories and endpoints may be quite diverse both within and across cultures. By becoming aware of, and separating cultural values from conceptions of devel opment, the phenomena viewed as developmental is broadened and the scope of its description and explanation expanded. Such concepts which originated in developmental theories have become everyday notions in many cultures, and, therefore, have significant implications for a wide range of socio-cultural and political discourses.
Balota, D.A., & Duchek, J.M. (1988). Age-related differences in lexical access, spreading activation, and simple pronunciation. Psychology and Aging , 3, 84-93.
4.
Bidell, T., & Fischer, K.W. (1992). Beyond the stage debate: Action, structure, and variability in Piagetian theory and research. In R. Sternberg & C. Berg (Eds.), Intellectual development (pp. 100-140). New York: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Bowles, N.L., Obler, L.K., & PooN, L.W. (1989). Aging and word retrieval: Naturalistic, clinical, and laboratory data. In L.W. Poon, D.C. Rubin, & B.A. Wilson (Eds.), Everyday cognition in adulthood and late life (pp. 244-64). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
6.
Burke, D.M., Mackay, D.G., Worthley, J.S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542-79.
7.
Carver, C.S., & Scheier, M.F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control-theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
8.
Case, R. (1985). Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. New York: Academic Press.
9.
—. (Ed.) (1991). The mind's staircase. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
10.
Cerella, J., Rybash, J., Hoyer, W., & Commons, M.L. (1993). Adult information processing: Limits on loss. New York: Academic Press.
11.
Cole, M. (1996). Cultural psychology: A once and future discipline . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
12.
—. (1997). Cultural mechanisms of cognitive development. In E. Amsel & K.A. Renninger (Eds.), Change and development: Issues of theory, method and application (pp. 245-63). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
13.
D'Andrade, R.G. (1984). Cultural meaning systems. In R.A. Shweder & R.A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14.
Duchin, S.W., & Mysak, E.D. (1987). Disfuency and rate characteristics of young adult, middle-aged, and older males. Journal of Communication Disorders , 20, 245-57.
15.
Erickson, E.H. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W.W. Norton.
16.
Fischer, K.W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review , 87, 447-531.
17.
Fischer, K.W., & Bidell, T. (1998). Dynamic development of psychological structures in action and thought. In W. Damon (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol. 1: Theory (R. Lerner, Vol. Ed.). New York: Wiley.
18.
Fischer, K.W., & Granott, N. (1995). Beyond one-dimensional change: Parallel, concurrent, socially distributed processes in learning and development. Human Development, 38, 302-14.
19.
Fischer, K.W., & Kennedy, B. (1998). Tools for analyzing the many shapes of development: The case of self-in-relationships in Korea. In K.A. Renninger & E. Amsel (Eds.), Processes of development. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.
20.
Fischer, K.W., Knight, C.C., & Van Parys, M. (1993). Analyzing diversity in developmental pathways: Methods and concepts. In W. Edelstein & R. Case (Eds.), Constructivist approaches to development. Contributions to Human Development, 23, 33-56. Basel, Switzerland: S. Krager.
21.
Freud, S. (1962). Civilization and its discontents. J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.). New York : W.W. Norton, 1962. (Original published in 1930.)
22.
Geertz, C. (1984). "From the native's point of view": on the nature of anthropological understanding. In R.A. Shweder & R.A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
23.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
24.
Kakar, S. (1978). The inner world: A psychoanalytic study of childhood and society in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
25.
Kanner, B.G., Gupta, M., & Charlonne, V. (1999). A cultural comparison of expectations for childcare in India and the United States. A poster presented at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, M.A.
26.
Kaplan, B. (1984). On development: Psychological and otherwise. Paper given at Grand Rounds (Psychiatry), University of Massachusetts Medical School, September 1984 .
27.
Kincaid, J. (1996). The autobiography of my mother. New York: Penguin Books.
28.
Kohlberg, L. (1963/1976). The development of children's orientations toward a moral order: Sequence in the development of moral thought . In P. Neubauer (Ed.), The process of child development (pp. 143-63). New York: New American Library.
29.
Kuhn, T.S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
30.
Levine, R.A. (1984). Properties of culture: An ethnographic view. In R.A. Shweder & R.A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
31.
—. (1990). Infant environments in psychoanalysis: A cross-cultural view. In J.W. Stigler, R.A. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
32.
Levine, R.A., Miller, P.M., & West, M.M. (1988). Parental behavior in diverse societies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
33.
Lozoff, B. (1995). Culture and family: Influences on childhood sleep practices and problems. In R. Ferber & M. Kryger (Eds.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child (pp. 69-73). Philadelphia : WB Saunders.
34.
Mackay, D.G., & Abrams, L. (1996). Language, memory, and aging: Distributed deficits and the structure of new-versus-old connections. In J.E. Birren & K. Warner Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the Psychology of Aging (4th Ed.) (pp. 251-65).
35.
Mascolo, M.F., & Griffin, S. (Eds.) (1998a). What develops in emotional development? New York: Plenum.
36.
—. (1998b). Alternative trajectories in the development of anger. In M.F. Mascolo & S. Griffin (Eds.), What develops in emotional development? New York: Plenum.
37.
McKenna J., Thoman, E., & Anders, T. (1993). Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: Implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden death syndrome. Sleep, 16 (3), 263-82.
38.
Mitchell, D.B. (1989). How many memory systems? Evidence from aging. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 15, 31-49.
39.
Morelli, G.A., Rogoff, B., Oppenheim, D., & Goldsmith, D. (1992). Cultural variations in infant's sleep arrangements: Questions of independence. Developmental Psychology, 28, 604-13.
40.
MOSIER, C.E., & ROGOFF, B. (submitted). Cultural variation in young children's roles in the family: Autonomy and responsibility. Submitted for publication.
41.
Pepper, S. (1942). World hypotheses. Berkeley : University of California Press.
42.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Free Press.
43.
—. ( 1955). The language and thought of the child. Cleveland: World Publishing.
44.
—. ( 1963). The origins of intelligence. New York : W.W. Norton.
45.
—. ( 1970/1976). Piaget's theory. In P. Neubauer (Ed.), The process of child development (pp. 164-212). New York: New American Library.
46.
Rogoff, B. (1990). Apprenticeship in thinking: Cognitive development in social context. New York: Oxford University Press.
47.
Roland, A. (1988). In search ofselfin India and Japan: Toward a cross-cultural psychology. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
48.
Salthouse, T.A. (1984). Effects of age and skill in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 345-71.
49.
Shweder, R.A. (1991). Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
50.
Sroufe, L.A. (1996). Emotional development: The organization of emotional life in the early years. New York: Cambridge University Press.
51.
Tang, N. (1992). Some psycho-analytic implications of Chinese philosophy and child rearing practices. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , 47, 371-84.
52.
Valsiner, J. (1997). Constructing the personal through the cultural: Redundant organization of psychological development. In E. Amsel & K.A. Renninger (Eds.), Change and development: Issues of theory, method and application (pp. 245-63). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
53.
Vygotsky, L.S. (1934/1987). Thinking and speech. New York: Plenum.
54.
—. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55.
Waddington, C.H. (1957). The strategy of genes. London : Allen and Unwin.
56.
Welford, A.T. (1993). The gerontological balance sheet. In J. Cerella, J. Rybash, W. Hoyer, & M.L. Commons (Eds.), Adult information processing: Limits on loss. New York: Academic Press.
57.
Werner, H. (1948). Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: Science Editions.
58.
—. (1957/1976). The concept of development from a comparative and organismic point of view. In P. Neubauer (Ed.), The process of child development (pp. 75-96). New York: New American Library.
59.
Werner, H., & Kaplan, B. (1984). Symbol formation: An organismic-developmental approach to the psychology of language. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
60.
Wertsch, J.V. (1985). Vygotsky and the social formation of mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press .
61.
—. (1991). Voices of the mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
62.
Woodruff-Pak, D.S. (1993). Neural plasticity as a stubstrate for cognitive adaptation in adulthood and aging. In J. Cerella , J. Rybash, W. Hoyer, & M.L. Commons (Eds.), Adult information processing: Limits on loss. New York: Academic Press.
63.
Wolfson, A.R. (1996). Sleeping patterns of children and adolescents: Developmental trends, disruptions, and adaptations. Sleep Disorders, 5, 549-68.
64.
Wolfson, A.R., Lacks, P., & Futterman, A. (1992). Effects of parent training on infant sleeping patterns, parents' stress, and perceived parental competence. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 60, 41-48.
