Morrison D.C. , Ryan J.L.Endotoxins and disease mechanisms. Annu Rev Med1987; 38: 417-432.
2.
Rietschel E.T. , Schade U., Jensen M. et al. Bacterial endotoxin: chemical structure, biological activity and role in septicaemia. Scand J Infect Dis1982; 31 (Suppl): 8-21.
3.
Bone R.C.Gram-negative sepsis: a dilemma of modern medicine. Clin Microbiol Rev1993; 6: 57-68.
4.
Goto H., Nakamura S.Liberation of endotoxin from E. coli by addition of antibiotics. Jpn J Exp Med1980; 50: 35-43.
5.
Eng R.H.K., Smith S.M., Fan-Havard P., Ogbara T.Effect of antibiotics on endotoxin release from gram-negative bacteria. Diag Microbiol Infect Dis1993; 16: 185-189.
6.
Jackson J.J. , Kropp H.β-lactam antibiotic-induced release of free endotoxin: in vitro comparison of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2-specific imipenem and PBP 3-specific ceftazidime. J Infect Dis1992; 165: 1033-1041.
7.
McConnell J.S. , Cohen J.Release of endotoxin from Escherichia coli by quinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother1986 ; 18: 765-773.
8.
Van den Berg C., De Neeling A.J., Schot C.S., Hustinx W.N.M., Wemer J., De Wildt D.J.Delayed antibiotic-induced lysis of Escherichia coli in vitro is correlated with enhancement of LPS release. Scand J Infect Dis1992; 24: 619-627.
9.
Walterspiel J.W., Kaplan S.L., Mason E.O.Protective effect of subinhibitory polymyxin B alone and in combination with ampicillin for overwhelming Haemophilus influenzae type B infection in the infant rat: evidence for in vivo and in vitro release of free endotoxin after ampicillin treatment. Pediatr Res1986; 20: 237-241.
10.
Shenep J.L. , Barton R.P., Mogan K.A.Role of antibiotic class in the rate of liberation of endotoxin during therapy for experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis. J Infect Dis1985; 151: 1012-1018.
11.
Crosby H.A. , Bion J.F., Penn C.W., Elliott T.S.J.Antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin from bacteria in vitro. J Med Microbiol1994 ; 40: 23-30.
12.
Evans M.E., Pollack M.Effect of antibiotic class and concentration on the release of lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis1993; 167: 1336-1343.
13.
Hurley J.C.Antibiotic-induced release of endotoxin: a reappraisal. Clin Infect Dis1992; 15: 840-854.
14.
Prins J.M., van Deventer S.J.H., Kuijper E.J., Speelman P.Clinical relevance of antibiotic-induced endotoxin release. Antimicrob Agents Chemother1994; 38: 1211-1218.
15.
Shenep J.L. , Flynn P.M., Barrett F.F., Stidham G.L., Westenkirchner D.F.Serial quantitation of endotoxemia and bacteremia during therapy for gram-negative bacterial sepsis . J Infect Dis1988; 157: 565-568.
16.
Dofferhoff A.S.M., Nijland J.H., de Vries-Hospers H.G., Mulder P.O.M., Weits J., Bom V.J.J.Effects of different types and combinations of antimicrobial agents on endotoxin release from gram negative bacteria: an in vitro and in vivo study. Scand J Infect Dis1991; 23: 745-754.
17.
Dofferhoff A.S.M., Bom V.J.J., de Vries-Hospers H.G. et al. Patterns of cytokines, plasma endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and acute-phase proteins during the treatment of severe sepsis in humans. Crit Care Med1992; 20: 185-192.
18.
Shenep J.L. , Mogan K.A.Kinetics of endotoxin release during antibiotic therapy for experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis. J Infect Dis1984; 150: 380-388.
19.
Dofferhoff A.S.M., Potthoff H., Bom V.J.J. et al. The release of endotoxin, TNF and IL-6 during the antibiotic treatment of experimental gram-negative sepsis . J Endotoxin Res1995; 2: 37-44.
20.
Healy D.P., Verst-Brasch C.L., Clendening C.E., Neely A.N., Holder I.A.Influence of drug class and dose size on antibiotic-induced endotoxin/IL-6 release and impact on efficacy of antiendotoxin antibody. J Endotoxin Res1996; 3: in press
21.
Cross A.S., Opal S.M., Sadoff J.C., Gemski P.Choice of bacteria in animal models of sepsis. Infect Immun1993; 61: 2741-2747.
22.
Stieritz D.D. , Holder I.A.Experimental studies of the pathogenesis of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa: description of a burned mouse model. J Infect Dis1975; 131: 688-691.
23.
Neely A.N., Holder I.A. A murine model with aspects of clinical relevance for the study of antibiotic-induced endotoxin release in septic hosts. J Endotoxin Res1996; 3: in press.
24.
Revhaug A., Michie H., Manson J. et al. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase attenuates the metabolic response to endotoxin in humans. Arch Surg1988; 123: 162-170.
25.
Neely A.N., Miller R.G., Holder I.A.Proteolytic activity and fatal gram-negative sepsis in burned mice: effects of exogenous proteinase inhibition. Infect Immun1994; 62: 2158-2164.
26.
Hurley J.C.Endotoxemia: methods of detection and clinical correlates. Clin Microbiol Rev1995; 8: 268-292.
Campbell M.J. , Gardner M.J.Calculating confidence intervals for some non-parametric analyses. BMJ1988; 296: 1454-1456.
29.
Kusser W.C. , Ishiguro E.E.Effects of aminoglycosides and spectinomycin on the synthesis and release of lipopolysaccharide by Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother1988; 32: 1247-1250.
30.
Buijs J., Dofferhoff A.S.M.Antibiotic-induced endotoxin release is type, dose and schedule dependent (abstract A97). In: Program and abstracts of the 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Orlando). Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1994; 147.
31.
Danner R.L. , Natanson C., Elin R.J. et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with Escherichia coli produces less endotoxemia but more cardiovascular dysfunction and mortality in a canine model of septic shock. Chest1990; 98: 1480-1487.
32.
Calandra T. , Gerain J., Heumann D. et al. High circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with septic shock: evolution during sepsis, prognostic value, and interplay with other cytokines. Am j Med1991; 91: 23-29.
33.
Hack C.E., DeGroot E.R., Felt-Bersma R.J.F. et al. Increased plasma levels of interleukin-6 in sepsis. Blood1989; 74: 1704-1710.
34.
Steinmetz H.T. , Herbertz A., Bertram M., Diehl V.Increase in interleukin-6 serum level preceding fever in granulocytopenia and correlation with death from sepsis. J Infect Dis1995; 171: 225-228.
35.
Damas P., Ledoux D., Nys M. et al. Cytokine serum level during severe sepsis in human IL-6 as a marker of severity. Ann Surg1992;215:356-362.
36.
Henricson B.E. , Benjamin W.R., Vogel S.N.Differential cytokine induction by doses of lipopolysaccharide and monophosphoryl lipid A that result in equivalent early endotoxin tolerance. Infect Immun1990 ; 58: 2429-2437.
37.
Madonna G.S. , Vogel S.N.Early endotoxin tolerance is associated with alterations in bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor pools. J Immunol1985; 135: 3763-3771.
38.
Ganz T.Macrophage function. New Horizons1993; 1: 23-27.