Sir Frederic William Hewitt MVO MD. Part I: Early Life and Work on Nitrous Oxide

Howat DDC . Anaesthesia as a career. Anaesthesia 1977;32: 979–95.

Edwards G . Frederic William Hewitt (1857–1916). Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1951;8: 233–45.

Sellick BA . Frederic Hewitt. Lecture at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 21 March 1973 (not published).

Personal communication by the late Sir Stewart Duke Elder.

Obituary: Sir Frederic William Hewitt mvo MD. Lancet 1916;i: 157–61.

Hewitt F . A new method of administering and economising nitrous oxide gas. Lancet 1885;i: 840–1.

Coleman A . Mr. Coleman's economising apparatus for re-inhaling the gas. Brit J Dent Sci 1869;12: 443–4.

Hewitt F . An enquiry into several methods of administering nitrous oxide gas. J Brit Dent Ass 1886;7: 86–91.

Clover JT . An apparatus for administering nitrous oxide and ether, singly or combined. BMJ 1876;ii: 74–5.

Hewitt F . The administration of nitrous oxide and ether in combination or in succession. BMJ 1887;ii: 452–4.

Hewitt F . Select Methods in the Administration of Nitrous Oxide and Ether. London: Bailliére, Tindall and Cox, 1888.

Bert P . Anesthésie par le protoxyde d'azote mélangé d'oxygéne employé sous pression. C R Acad Sci (Paris) 1879;89: 132–5.

Hewitt FW . Anaesthetics and Their Administration. 4th edn. London: Macmillan, 1912: 1.

Andrews E . Oxygen mixture: A new anaesthetic combination. Brit J Dent Sci 1869;12: 22–6.

Klikowitsch S . Ueber das Stickstoffoxydul also Anaestheticum bei Geurten. Arch Gynaek 1881;18: 81–108.

Thomas KB . The Development of Anaesthetic Apparatus. London: Blackwell, 1975. 115–16.

Hewitt F . On the anaesthesia produced by the administration of mixtures of nitrous oxide and oxygen. Lancet 1889;i: 832–5.

Percy Frankland had been a student with Hewitt at the Royal School of Mines. He was a chemist, like his more famous father, Sir Edward Frankland, and later became a Fellow of the Royal Society. He performed all the gas estimations mentioned in Hewitt's papers.

Johnson G . On the physiology of asphyxia and on the anaesthetic action of pure nitrogen. Lancet 1891;i: 832–5.

Hewitt FW . Anaesthetics and Their Administration. London: Charles Griffin, 1893: 269.

Hewitt F . On the anaesthetic effects of nitrous oxide when administered with oxygen at ordinary atmospheric pressure. Trans Odontolog Soc Great Britain 1891–2 (new series); 24: 194–239.

Hewitt F . Further observations on the use of oxygen with nitrous oxide. J Brit Dent Ass 1894;15: 380–7.

Hewitt FW . On the effects produced in the human subject by the administration of definite mixtures of nitrous oxide and air and of nitrous oxide and oxygen. Medico-Chirurg Trans 1899;82: 163–211.

Hewitt FW . Abstract. Proc R Med Chirurg Soc Land 1898–9 (new series); 11: 56–68.

Buxton DW . Anaesthetics: Their Uses and Administration. London: HK Lewis, 1888.

Magill IW . An appraisal of progress in anaesthesia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1966;38: 154–65.

Hewitt FW . The Administration of Nitrous Oxide and Oxygen for Dental Operations. London: Claudius Ash, 1897.

Paterson H . The use of nitrous oxide gas in general and dental surgery. Part II: The prolongation of nitrous oxide anaesthesia in operations about the mouth. West Lond Med J 1899;4: 211–13.

Hewitt FW (op. cit. ref. 20): 326.

Hewitt FW . An artificial “airway” for use during anaesthetisation. Lancet 1908;i: 490–1.

Hewitt FW (op. cit. ref. 13): 260–1.

Hewitt F . A modification in Junker's inhaler. Lancet 1892;i: 966–7.

Hewitt FW . Thrombosis of the coronary artery during ether anaesthesia (letter). Lancet 1886;i: 809.