Abstract
Tayādhūq, also known as Theodocus/Théodoros (d. early 8th century AD), was educated in the Gondēs̲h̲āpūr School and served the Sassanid kings. During this period, he contacted the Umayyad court and became the physician of Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf (d. 715 AD), the general governor of the Eastern regions of the caliphate. In addition to his knowledge on the Sassanid scientific tradition, Tayādhūq had a significant role in transferring this tradition to the Islamic world. His ideas were later followed by polymath physicians such as Rhazes (Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, d. 925 AD), Avicenna (Ibn Sīnā, d. 1037 AD), and others who lived after him. His medical works were of great importance to the development of early Islamic medicine. Therefore, this study will attempt to illuminate this forgotten scholar's medical knowledge, the works he produced, and finally illustrate his influences on later Muslim physicians.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.Nadīm M. Kitāb al-Fihrist Edited by Seyyid AM. London: al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2009, Vol 2(1), p. 317; Ibn Abī Usaybi’ah. ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ . Edited by Nizār Ridā. Beirut: Dār Maktabah al-Hayāt, No Date, pp. 179–181; Zahabī EAŞ. Tārīkh al-Islām wa Wafayāt al-Mashāhīr wa al-A’lām . Edited by Omar AT. Beirut: Dār al-Altāb al-Arabī, 1990, Vol 6, p. 47; Ibn al-Jawzī EF. al-Muntazam fī Tārīkh al-Mulūk wa al-Umam . Edited by Atâ MA. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1992, Vol 6, p. 131; Ahmad Īsā. Tārīkh al-Bimāristānāt fī al-Islām . Beirut-Lebanon: Dār al-Rāid al-Arabī, 1981, p. 63; Öztürk L. İslâm Dünyasında Hastaneler . İstanbul: Siyer Yayınları, 2018, p. 70.
2.Ibn al-Jawzī (op. cit. ref. 1), Vol 6, p. 131; Ibn Abī Usaybi’ah (op. cit. ref. 1), pp. 180–181.
3.For the English Translation of Ibn Abī Usaybi’ah’s ʿUyūn al-anbāʾ fī ṭabaqāt al-aṭibbāʾ , see:
https://scholarlyeditions.brill.com/reader/urn:cts:arabicLit:0668IbnAbiUsaibia.Tabaqatalatibba.lhom-tr-eng1:7.6-7.10/
(accessed August 10, 2021).
4.Ibn Abī Usaybi’ah (op. cit. ref. 1), pp. 180–181. See also Ibn al-Jawzī (op. cit. ref. 1), Vol 6, p. 131.
5.Leclerc L. Histoire de la Medecine Arabe . Paris: 1876, Vol 1, p. 82; Ullmann M. Die Medizin im Islam . Leiden-Köln: Brill, 1970, p. 23. Ullmann also states the name Tayādhūq to have appeared in different forms. The best example of this situation is Qıftī’s information about Tayādhūq under the name “Sāzūn al-Tabīb” after mentioning Tayādhūq in the section examining physicians before his time. Therefore, he considered both names as different physicians. See Qıftī EHC. Ikhbār al-’Ulamā’ bi Akhbār al-Ḥukamā . Edited by Diyab A. Kuwait: Maktabah Ibn Qutayba, n.d., Vol 1, p. 151.
6.Nadīm (op. cit. ref. 1), Vol 2(1), p. 316.
7.Sarton G. Introduction to the History of Science . Malabar-Florida: Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, 1927–1931, Vol 1, p. 372.
8.Leclerc (op. cit. ref. 5), Vol 1, p. 24; Browne EG. Arabian Medicine . Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press, 1962, pp. 20–21.
9.Ibn al-Jawzī also says that Tayādhūq was alive during the reign of Hosrow II (pp. 590, 591–628). See Ibn al-Jawzī (op. cit. ref. 1), Vol 6, p. 131.
10.Ullmann (op. cit. ref. 5), p. 22; Sezgin F. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums . Leiden: Brill, 1967–2015, Vol 3, p. 207.
11.See Note 6.
12.Qıftī (op. cit. ref. 5), Vol 1, p. 143; Meyerhof M. Medieval Jewish Physicians in the Near East, from Arabic Sources. Isis 1938; 28/2: 432–460, p. 437; Smith W (Ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology . London: John Murray, 1880, Vol 3, p. 1037.
13.Steinschneider M. Die Arabische Literatur Der Juden . Frankfurt: J. Kauffmann, 1902, pp. 13–15; Şenel S and Öztürk L. İbn Cülcül’ün Kayıtlarındaki Mâserceveyh ile Nedîm’in Kayıtlarındaki Mâsercîs Aynı Kişi mi? (Could Mâsarjawayh in the Records of Ibn Djuljul be the Same Person Mâsarjîs in the Records of Nadîm?), Tekirdag Theology Journal 2018; 4/1: 191–218.
14.The physicians hired by Umayyad rulers were generally Christian origin and educated in Galenic schools. See Amar Z and Lev E. Arabian Drugs in Early Medieval Mediterranean Medicine . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017, p. 5; Şenel S. Fetihten Bilime: Antik Bilimlerin İslâm Dünyasına İntikali (661–750) . İstanbul: Siyer Yayınları, 2021.
15.Sezgin (op. cit. ref. 10), Vol 3, pp. 207–208.
16.Ullmann (op. cit. ref. 5), p. 23.
17.Ibn Abī Usaybi’ah (op. cit. ref. 1), p. 181.
18.Sezgin (op. cit. ref. 10), Vol 3, p. 208.
19.Ibid.
20.Rāzī ABM. Kitāb al-Ḥāwī fī al-Tibb . Edited by. İsmail MM. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 2000, Vol 1, pp. 83, 97, 158.
21.Ibid, Vol 1, pp. 226, 269, 295, 333, 339.
22.Ibid, Vol 1, pp. 362, 393, 450, 495.
23.Ibid, Vol 1, pp. 423.
24.Ibid, Vol 2, pp. 37, 99, Vol 4, p. 455.
25.Ibid, Vol 2, pp. 162, 183, 219, 234, 236, 368, 444, Vol 5, p. 343.
26.Ibid, Vol 2, p. 470, Vol 4, pp. 393, 467.
27.Ibid, Vol 3, pp. 21, 73, 86, 426.
28.Ibid, Vol 3, pp. 245, 256, 287, 288, 300, 317, 333, 337, 343.
29.Ibid, Vol 7, p. 470.
30.Ibid, Vol 7, pp. 434, 448, 485, 489, 493, 513, 515.
31.Thābit ibn Qurra, Kitāb al-Dhakhīra fī Ilm al-Tibb, Cairo: al-Matbaah al-Amīriyyah, 1928.
32.See, Notes 20–30.