The notebooks of Joyce Jeffreys, a wealthy Hereford businesswoman in the mid-17th century, provide information about the medicines she purchased and the fees she paid to her medical advisors. Her physician, Dr Bridstock Harford, was a successful doctor but a troublesome neighbour, who was often the subject of litigation. As an ardent parliamentarian, he held public offices during the Commonwealth. Later his opinions mellowed and he ended his days as a loyal subject of the king and a benefactor to his city.
SpicksleyJM. The business and household accounts of Joyce Jeffreys, spinster of Hereford 1638–1648, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 413pp.
3.
WearA. Knowledge and practice in English medicine, 1550–1680, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 47–55.
4.
ConnorH. Lady Brilliana Harley (1598–1643): her medicines and her doctors. Journal of Medical Biography. Epub ahead of print 15 April 2014. DOI: 10.1177/0967772014527898.
5.
LessiusL. Hygiasticon or the right course of preserving life and health unto extream old age, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1637.
6.
DunfordMBoyleJA. Nutrition for sport and exercise, 2nd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2012. 62pp.
7.
CulpeperN. A physicall directory, or, a translation of the London dispensatory, London, UK: Peter Cole, 1649.
8.
NiebylPH. Old age, fever, and the lamp metaphor. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences1971; 26: 351–368.
9.
I am grateful to David Whitehead for this suggestion.
10.
CT. An advice how to plant tobacco in England, London, UK: W. Burre, 1615.
11.
Harrison W. The description of England. Edelen G (ed.) New York: Dover Publications, 1994.
Historical Manuscripts Commission. The manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Portland1893; Vol 2, London, UK: HMSO, pp. 263–314.
14.
ApperleyT. Observations in physick, both rational and practical, London, UK: W Innys, 1731, pp. 145171.
15.
Oxford English Dictionary (accessed 24 March 2014).
16.
HarfordA. The annals of the Harford family, London, UK: The Westminster Press, 1909. 171pp.
17.
Oxford University Archives. Registrum Congregationis, 1634–1647, f 181r, cited by Frank RG. Harvey and the Oxford physiologists. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980, p.104, 318.
18.
An Act for the Assessment upon England at the Rate of Sixty Thousand Pounds by the Moneth, for Three Moneths (9 June 1657). In: Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642–1660. Vol. 2. Great Britain: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911, pp.1058–1059.
19.
Trade tokens were an illegal but widely accepted currency issued by tradesmen between 1648 and 1679, when official coinage was scarce or non-existent. Whittet TD. Hereford apothecaries' tokens and their issuers. Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club 1986; 45:469–476.
20.
Surgeons licensed by the Bishop of Hereford, as recorded in the Subscription Books in the Bishops' Archives, 1683 to 1835. Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club 1952–4; 34:137–139.
21.
HarveyG. The accomplisht Physician, the honest Apothecary, and the skilful Chyrurgeon, London, UK: s.n., 1670, pp. 74–76.
22.
LangfordAW. Some Herefordshire Medical History. Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club1959; 36: 56–66.
23.
Winnington-IngramAJ. Monumental Brasses in Hereford Cathedral, 3rd ed. Revised by FC and Morgan PE. Hereford: Hereford Cathedral, 1972.
24.
MorganFC. Hereford Presentments, 1611 to 1659. Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club1940, pp. 79–89.
25.
The National Archives. Prob/11/383/425.
26.
Online catalogue of The National Archives.
27.
RossD. Royalist, but … Herefordshire in the English Civil War, 1640–51, Almeley, Herefordshire: Logaston Press, 2012, pp. 85122, 137.
28.
GreavesRL. Deliver us from evil: the radical underground in Britain, 1660–1663, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 184.
29.
ClarkeWEH. Hereford Cathedral Organ. Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists Field Club1921, pp. 41–48.
30.
The illustration also shows the emblem of the Sun Insurance Company, dating from the days when fire services were provided by insurance companies rather than councils and firemen required evidence that the building was insured with their employer.
31.
Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714, Oxford, UK: Parker, 1891, pp. 650.
32.
HavergalFT. Monumental inscriptions in the cathedral church of Hereford, Hereford: Jakeman & Carver, 1881, pp. 38–39.
33.
HenningBD. The House of Commons 1660–1690, London, UK: Secker & Warburg for the History of Parliament Trust, 1983, pp. 492–493.
34.
I am grateful to David Wyllie for the translation from Latin, which proved well beyond my limited capabilities, even after David had inserted some helpful punctuation.
35.
LyallE. In Spite of All, London, UK: Hurst & Blackett Ltd, 1901.
