The Medical Education of Sir Thomas Browne,a Seventeenth-Century Student at Montpellier,Padua,and Leiden

Keynes G , Ed. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne, vols 1–6. London: Faber and Gwyer (becoming Faber and Faber), 1928–31 (henceforth Works)

Ballard T. A Catalogue of the Libraries of the Learned Sir Thomas Brown, and Dr Edward Brown, his Son … Which Will begin to be sold by Auction … on Monday the 8th day of January, 1710/11 … at the Rising-Sun in Little Britain (henceforth Catalogue)

The Public Record Office has no record of a passport for Browne, such as was provided on 18 June 1631 for “John Kent, George Bates & Robert Brownelowe … Oxford … to goe over to Lydon in the Lowe Countries … to better their knowledge of Physicke”. Passes specified towns to be visited and often excluded Rome and Spain

Hughes T. The childhood of Sir Thomas Browne: evidence from the Court of Orphans. London Journal 1998; 23: 24

Kellett CE . Sir Thomas Browne and the disease called the Morgellons. Ann Med Hist 1935; 7: 467–79

Works, vol. 5, pp. 95–6. In Browne's Miscellany Tracts, 8

Works, vol. 1, p. 50. In Religio medici (henceforth RM), 39

James Primerose dedicated Academio monspeliensis (1631) to Thomas Clayton. Browne knew Primerose, who incorporated his Montpellier md at Oxford in March 1628. Prolific but unsound, Primerose wrote De vulgi in medicina erroribus in 1638 (English translation 1651) before Browne's Pseudodoxia epidemica, published in 1646

Works, vol. 6, p. 7. Letter from Browne to Tom, dated 1 November 1661

Guthrie D. A History of Medicine. London: Thomas Nelson, 1945: 113

The modern extensive account is Dulieu L. La médecine à Montpellier, vols 1–4. Avignon: Les Presses Universelles, 1975–90, the relevant volume being Tome 3, L'Époque Classique. Shorter is Dulieu L. La médecine à Montpellier du XII au XX siècle. Paris: Hervas, 1990; and Bonnet H. La Faculté de Medicine de Montpellier. Montpellier: Sauramps Medical, 1992. Older references are in Powicke FM , Emden AB , Eds. Rashdall's Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vols 1–3. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936: vol. 2, pp. 116–39

Montpellier suffered a serious epidemic of plague in 1629

Thomas Nott subsequently obtained a medical degree at Padua, 27 October 1632

Astruc J. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire de la Faculté de Médecine de Montpellier. Paris: P-G Cavelier Libraire, 1767

George Scharpe was a clever but quarrelsome and intemperate Scotsman who, in 1634, moved to Bologna, where he died in 1638. Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1885–1901. Reprinted, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998: vol. 17, pp. 900–1

Catalogue, p. 24, nos 53 and 54, and p. 57, no. 19

Works, vol. 6, p. 278. Letter to Dr Henry Power, 1646

Michelet J. Histoire de France au dix-septième Siècle. Paris: 1857. Vol. 9 of Oeuvres completes. Paris, 1990, p. 275

Packard FR . Guy Patin and the Medical Profession in Paris in the XVIIth Century. New York: Hoeber, 1924. Reprinted New York: Kelley, 1970: 198–238

The anatomy theatre in Montpellier, built by Rondelet in 1556, was the first in France

Catalogue, p. 21, no. 51, and p. 25, no. 94

Delaunay P. La vie Médicale aux XVIe, XVIIe, et XVIIIe siècles. Paris: Editions Hippocrate, 1935

Works, vol. 6, p. 7. Letter to Tom, 10 March 1660–1

Bonnet H (op. cit. ref. 11): 130–1

Works, vol. 6, p. 8. Letter to Tom, 10 March 1660–1

Works, vol. 1, p. 7. RM, vol. 1, p. 3

Works, vol. 1, p. 72. RM, vol. 2, p. 1

Works, vol. 1, p. 50. RM, vol. 1, p. 39

Vic C de et Vaissete HG deL. Histoire générale de Languedoc. Paris: Jacques Vincent, 1745: vol. 5, p. 577

French names were Les Crinons, Masclous, and Masquelons. Cases in poor children of London were described by Crocker R. Lancet 1884; i: 704

MS Sloane, 1868. Letters to Browne are reproduced in Wilkin S , Ed. Sir Thomas Browne's Works. London: William Pickering, 1836: vol. 1, pp. 70–1

Castiglioni A. The Medical School at Padua and the renaissance of medicine. Ann Med Hist (N.S.) 1935; 7: 214–27. For early references see Powicke PM, Emden AB (op. cit. ref. 11): vol.2, pp. 9–21

Tomasini JP . Gymnasium patavini. Utini: Nicola Schiratti, 1654

Biografia universale. Venezia: Presso Gio Batista Missiaglia, 1830: vol. 59, pp. 452–3

Catalogue, p. 19, no. 2

Castiglioni A. The life and work of Sanctorius. Medical Life 1931; 38: 729–86

Catalogue, p. 21, nos 53 and 54

Sloane MS , 1848. In Miscellaneous Writings, f. 17. Reproduced in Works, vol. 5, p. 304

Lane FC . Venice: A Maritime Republic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973: 400

Lunsingh Scheurleer ThH Meyjes GHM Posthumus . Leiden University in the Seventeenth Century. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden/EJ Brill, 1975

Smith RW Innes . English-Speaking Students of Medicine at the University of Leyden. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1932: 34

The Bodleian and British libraries, and those of the British Medical Association and the Royal Society of Medicine, have some seventeenth-century Leiden theses but not that of Browne

Nieuw Nederlandsch Biographisch Woordenboek, vols 1–10. Leiden: AW Sijthoff's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, 1911–37 (henceforth NNBW). Adrian van Valkerburg appears in vol.4, p. 1357

NNWB, vol. 4, 1051–3

Works, vol. 6, pp. 86 and 98. Letters to Edward Browne, 7 March 1676–7 and 6 July 1678

Veendorp H Becking LGM Baas . Hortus academicus Lugduno-Batavus 1587–937. Harlem, 1938: 68–75. Reference quoted in Lunsingh Scheurleer ThH, Posthumus Meyjes GHM (op. cit. ref. 40): 478

van Spronsen JW . The rise of chemistry as an independent science. In: Lunsingh Scheurleer ThH, Posthumus Meyjes GHM (op. cit. ref. 40): 329–43

NNWB, vol. 8, pp. 1290–3

Catalogue, p. 27, nos 41 and 42

Lindeboom GA . Dog and frog: physiological experiments at Leiden during the 17th century. In: Lungsingh Scheurleer ThH, Posthumus Meyjes GHM (op. cit. ref. 40): 281

Oxford University Archives, Incorporation, NEP/Supra/Reg Q, 10 July 1637, f162v