Growing Strong

1 Pakistan claims to have conducted five underground nuclear tests on 28 May, and a sixth one on 30 May 1998. See Tim Weiner, `Pakistan Answering India, Carries Out Nuclear Tests', New York Times, 29 May 1998.

2 The US assistance to France was not that straightforward. See Peter A. Clausen, Nonproliferation and the National Interest (New York: Harper Collins, 1993), especially ch. 2.

3 For a discussion of the emergence of Israel as a nuclear state, see Seymour Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991).

4 As cited in Ashok Kapur, Pakistan's Nuclear Development (New York: Croom Helm, 1987), p. 107.

5 J. N. Dixit, Across Borders: Fifty Years of India's Foreign Policy (New Delhi: Thomson Press, 1998), especially `Postscript: India as a Nuclear Weapons Power', pp. 419-441; and `India', in Rodney W. Jones & Mark McDonough, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1998), pp. 111-124.

6 Tim Weiner, `US Suspects India Prepares to Conduct Nuclear Tests', New York Times, 15 December 1995.

7 Sukumar Muralidharan & John Cherian, `The BJP's Bombs', Frontline (India's National Magazine), 23 May-5 June 1998.

8 Gurmeet Kanwal, `China's Long March to World Power Status: Strategic Challenge for India', Strategic Analysis, February 1999 (electronic version).

9 Personal interviews in New Delhi in April 1998 and January-February 1999.

10 Personal interview, New Delhi, April 1998.

11 A. S. Bhalla, `Recent Economic Reforms in China and India', Asian Survey, June 1995, pp. 555-572.

12 `Need to Integrate National Security with Planning: Pant', Indian Express (New Delhi edition), 6 February 1999.

13 `Nuclear India: A Short History', prepared by the Movement in India for Nuclear Disarmament (electronic version: www.angelfire.com).

14 Sandy Gordon, India's Rise to Power in the Twentieth Century and Beyond (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995), p. 293.

15 Indian Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat, was very interested, during my conversation with him in April 1998, in discussing China's information warfare strategies and adaptation of relevant tactics and technologies for India's navy.

16 See overview section in volume one of the `Cox Report' (Select Committee, United States House of Representatives, U.S. National Security and Military/Commercial Concerns with the People's Republic of China. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1999, vols. I-III). This report, which has raised considerable controversy in the USA, makes several accusations against the PRC without proving them - and China duly denies any wrongdoing. Also see M. Ehsan Ahrari, `Sino-US Relations Turn Sour as Nuclear Espionage Brings Fallouts', Jane's Intelligence Review, August 1999, pp. 38-40.

17 M. Ehsan Ahrari, `Sino-Indian Nuclear Perspectives: So Close, Yet So Far Apart', Jane's Intelligence Review, August 1998, pp. 30-34.

18 Personal interview, New Delhi, January 1999.

19 K. Subrahmanyam, `Indo-US Dialogue: Unscrambling our Scrambled Signals', The Times of India (New Delhi edition), 30 January 1999.

20 Amit Gupta, `Nuclear Forces in South Asia: Prospects for Arms Control', Security Dialogue, vol. 30, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 319-330.

21 `Pakistan Not to Sign CTBT Unless Sanctions Lifted: Sartaj', The News (Pakistan), Internet edition, 30 July 1999.

22 Alex Andronov & Boris Maximov, `Is A Security Regime Possible? A Rejoinder', Security Dialogue, vol. 30, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 331-334.

23 Personal interviews in New Delhi, January-February 1999.

24 `Sharif's Sticky Wicket', The Economist, 10-16 July 1999, pp. 35-36.