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References
1.
1 Neil Renwick, Pirates: Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia , CAPS Occasional Paper No. 3 (Nottingham: Centre for Asia-Pacific Studies, 1997).
2.
2 Between 1991 and 1998, Southeast Asia consistently experienced the greatest frequency of pirate attacks of any region in the world (IMB/RPC, 1997).
3.
3 For example as per article 101 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982.
4.
4 International Maritime Bureau, Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: A Special Report (London: ICC, 1997), p. 2.
5.
5 Ibid., and Special Report -Piracy (London: ICC-IMB, June 1992).
6.
6 Regional law-enforcement authorities in Southeast Asia have objected to the use of the term `piracy' to refer to acts that have occurred when vessels have been at anchor, as such attacks are in effect simple robbery. Furthermore, given the UNCLOS definition of piracy as being an act of violence on the High Seas, there are also objections to the use of the term to denote acts of violence against vessels in territorial waters. Some would consequently prefer the use of the term `Robbery at Sea' (ROS) to `piracy'.
7.
7 ICC-IMB, 1992 and 1997, pp. 57-88.
8.
8 Phantom Ships and Piracy Meeting, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 19-20 July 1994.
9.
9 International Maritime Organization, `Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships', Resolution A.683(17) (London: IMO, 1991).
10.
10 ICC-IMB, 1997, p. 3.
11.
11 ICC-IMB, 1997, p. 12.
12.
12 Far Eastern Economic Review , 2 July 1992, pp. 14-15.
13.
13 Authors' interview, Piracy Reporting Centre, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998.
14.
14 IMB, Piracy and Armed Robbery (see note 4 above), p. 5.
15.
15 Non-attributable interviews conducted by the authors in Southeast Asia, February 1998.
16.
16 The then director of the IMB, Eric Ellen, made such allegations in 1994: see International Herald Tribune , 11 January; see also Michael Pugh, 1993, `Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea: Problems and Remedies', Issues of Low Intensity Conflict , vol. 2, no. 1, p. 2.
17.
17 `Beijing Denies Allegations of Shipping Attacks', International Herald Tribune , 18 March 1994.
18.
18 `Hong Kong Links China to Bulk of Sea Piracy', International Herald Tribune , 17 February 1994, p. 2.
19.
19 Eric Ellen, quoted in International Herald Tribune , 11 January 1994.
20.
20 ICC-IMB, 1997, pp. 33-38.
21.
21 Daily Telegraph , 16 April 1993.
22.
22 For information on the MNLF during the Marcos era, see Mark R. Thompson, The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 61, 63.
23.
23 The leader of the MILF, Hashim Salamat, sent nearly 1,000 members to Afghanistan between 1989 and 1992 to help in the war against the Soviet-backed Kabul government.
24.
24 Government of the United States, Department of State, `Patterns of Global Terror: 1997' (http://www.fas.org/irp/threat/terror_97/1997index.htm).
25.
25 ICC-IMB, 1997, p. 12.
26.
26 Authors' interviews, Royal Malaysian Marine Police, February 1998.
27.
27 The Guardian , 2 October 1992.
28.
28 Author's interview, IMB, London, 5 July 1994.
29.
29 Interview with Eric Ellen, former Executive Director of the IMB, London, spring 1997.
30.
30 Authors' interview, Piracy Reporting Centre, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998.
31.
31 Martin Bush, Voice of America current affairs feature, New York, 25 July 1994.
32.
32 For example, the 1994 Memorandum of Understanding between Malaysia and the Philippines allowed both countries to conduct coordinated patrols along their common maritime boundaries.
33.
33 Technical Working Group on Safety of Navigation, Shipping and Communication, First Meeting, Jakarta, 3-6 October 1995; Second Meeting, Bandar Seri Begawan, 29 October-1 November 1996; ICC-IMB, 1997, p. 3.
34.
34 Authors' interview, Malaysian National Maritime Council, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998.
35.
35 Second Meeting of Technical Working Group on Safety of Navigation, Shipping and Communication, Bandar Seri Begawan, 29 October-1 November 1996.
36.
36 Quoted in The Guardian , 2 October 1992.
37.
37 `Deadly Plunder on the High Seas', International Herald Tribune , 30 November 1993.
38.
38 Authors' interview, Malaysian Maritime Law Association, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998; authors' interviews, MIMA, February 1998; Robert C. Beckman, Carl Grundy-Warr & Vivian L. Forbes, `Acts of Piracy in the Malacca and Singapore Straits', IBRU Maritime Briefing , vol. 1, no. 4, 1994.
39.
39 Beckman et al. (see note 38 above), p. 11.
40.
40 Far Eastern Economic Review , 2 July 1992, p. 15.
41.
41 This is because such attacks are largely on Malaysian fishing vessels rather than on larger commercial vessels.
42.
42 Authors' interviews, Royal Malaysian Marine Police, February 1998.
43.
43 Authors' non-attributable interviews, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998.
44.
44 Interview with authors, at MIMA, Kuala Lumpur, February 1998.