Albania and NATO

1 Elez Biberaj, `Albania's Road to Democracy', Current History, November 1993, p. 384.

2. Adem Copani, `The New Dimensions of Albania's Security Posture', NATO Review, March 1996, pp. 24-28.

3 `Albanian Parliament Speech by Secretary General' at website gopher: //wiretap.spies.com/00/Gov/NATO/930300.albania

4 Assistant Secretary of Defense - Public Affairs, `Cooperative Nugget 95 Closing Ceremony', 24 August 1995, Ref. Number 467-95.

5 United States State Department, Country Human Rights Practices, 1994, pp. 721-723.

6 Kathleen Imhjolz, `Challenges to Democracy in Albania', Commission of Security and Cooperation in Europe, 104th Congress (14 March 1996), pp. 44-45. On other human rights violations see Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Press Release, `9/13/95 Letter to Clinton re: Human Rights in Albania'; Amnesty International, `Albania: A Call for the Release of Prisoners of Conscience', Al Index: Europe, 4 November 1995. For a full discussion see www.amnesty.org (4 November 1995), Al Index: Europe.

7 Bill Clinton, Public Papers of the President, no. 46 (13 January 1995), and no. 1316 (6 September 1995); US Department of State, `Background Notes', September 1996, p. 7.

8 US Department of Defense, Background Briefing, `Bosnia', 5 December 1995.

9 Associated Press (AP), `US Camp in Croatia is Bosnia Surveillance Post', The Commercial Appeal, 4 February 1995, A-5.

10 Janusz Bugajski, Nations in Turmoil: Conflict and Cooperation in Eastern Europe (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), p. 125; Stephen Iwan Griffiths, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict: Threats to European Security (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 58.

11 Jane's Defence Weekly, `Back to Defence Community', vol. 24, 16 September 1995.

12 US State Department, Press Statement by Nicholas Burns, `Albania: Local Elections', 31 October 1996. See USAID (at www.info.usaid.gov/countries/al/albseed.htm). No projects were terminated as a result of the flawed elections.

13 US Department of State, Office of the Spokesman, `Albania: Nationwide Unrest', 3 March 1997. For stronger remarks calling for Berisha's removal see John Porter, Congressional Record, 5 March 1997, E382-E383.

14 White House Press Release, Office of the Press Secretary, `Text of a Letter for the President to the Speaker of House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate', 15 March 1997.

15 Statement of US State Department spokesman Nicholas Burns, in Brian Murphy, `Foreigners Flee Armed Chaos in Albania; US Rescue Stalls/Mediator Asks for Military Aid', AP in The Commercial Appeal, 15 March 1997, A-2.

16 White House Press Release, Office of Press Secretary, 20 March 1997.

17 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Press Release No. 25, `Statement by the North Atlantic Council on the Situation in Albania', 13 March 1997.

18 Edward Foster, `Ad Hoc in Albania: Did Europe Fail? A Rejoinder', Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 2, June 1998, pp. 213-219.

19 Fatmir Mema, `Did Albania Really Need Operation “Alba”?', Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no. 1, March 1998, pp. 61-62; UN Security Council, S/Res/1101, 28 March 1997.

20 `Albanian Foreign Policy in the Spectrum of the New Government', 28 July 1997: www.tirana.al/minjash/28july3.htm

21 George Katsirdakis, `Albania: A Case Study in Practical Implementation of Partnership for Peace', NATO Review, web edition (Summer 1998) at www.nato.int/docu/review

22 R. Jeffrey Smith, `NATO Albania Deployment Less Likely', Washington Post, 28 May 1998.

23 `NATO Opens NATO/PfP Cell in Albania', NATO Press Release (98)69, 29 May 1998; William Drozdiak, `NATO, Albania Discuss Kosovo', Washington Post, 12 March 1998.

24 NATO Press Release, `Statement by NATO Secretary General, Dr. Javier Solana on Exercise Determined Falcon', 13 June 1998, www.nato.int.docu/pr/1998; see also Christine Spolar, `NATO Planes Deliver Hope to Albanians', Washington Post, 16 June 1998.

25 Ian Mather, `NATO's Co-operative Chaos in Albania', The European, 24-30 August 1998.

26 R. Jeffrey Smith, `Albania Expands Crackdown on Arabs', Washington Post, 29 August 1998.

27 PAP News Wire, `Geremek: Albania Needs Economic Stability, Social Dialogue', 30 October 1998.

28 Xinhua News Agency, `Greece, Albania Vow to Strengthen Bilateral Cooperation', 12 November 1998, Lexis-Nexis, European news file.

29 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, `Paper Says Italy to Double Size of Forces in Albania', 5 November 1998.

30 See Georgios Kostakos & Dimitris Bourantonis, `Innovations in Peacekeeping: The Case of Albania', Security Dialogue, vol. 29, no.1, March 1998, pp. 49-58.

31 Richard Owen, `Italy Plotted Power Switch in Tirana', The Times, 1 October 1998; `Italy and Albania Sign Accord to Help Fight Illegal Immigration', AP, 10 November 1998.

32 `Conference Praises New Albania Govt', AP, 30 October 1998; US State Department, Press Statement, `United States Welcomes New Albanian Government', 9 October 1998.

33 Jane's Intelligence Review, `Security Briefs: Assassinations in Albania', 1 November 1998.