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References
1.
1 `US Steps Up Attack on Iraq', Washington Post , 18 December 1998.
2.
2 `US Spied on Iraq Under UN Cover, Officials Now Say', Washington Post , 7 January 1999.
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3 `UN Measure Skirts Outright Threat of Force Against Milosevic', Washington Post , 25 October 1998.
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4 There was severe internal disagreement within NATO before the decision was taken. See, for instance, `Politics Stalls Momentum for Attack', Herald Tribune , 10 October 1998; and `NATO Readies Air Strikes as Unity Falters', The Guardian , 10 October 1998.
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5 On Albright's line, see Transcript of the Secretary of State's Press Conference on Kosovo in Brussels, 8 October 1998, on website (http://secretary.state.gov/www/statements/1998).
6.
6 Bryan Bender, `Changing Policy: Recent Action over Kosovo Shows How NATO Is Modifying the Way It Operates', Jane's Defence Weekly , 18 November 1998.
7.
7 See William V. Roth, Jr., NATO in the 21st Century , Report to the North Atlantic Assembly, 2 October 1998, discussed at the Edinburgh session of the assembly in November 1998. The issue is discussed in Summary Recommendations, bullet point 8: NATO must preserve its freedom to act: The Allies must always seek to act in unison, preferably with a mandate from the United Nations or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the framework for collective security in Europe. Even though all NATO member-states would undoubtedly prefer to act with such a mandate, they must not limit themselves to acting only when such a mandate can be agreed. All NATO actions should nonetheless be based on appropriate legal authority.
8.
8 See Cedric de Coning, `African Perspectives on Intervention: The Rising Tide of Neo-interventionism', in Anthony McDermott, ed., Sovereign Intervention , PRIO Report 2/99 (International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, forthcoming 1999). On the potential implications of developments in Europe, see Espen Barth Eide, `Regionalizing Intervention? The Case of Europe in the Balkans', in the same volume.
9.
9 For an recent survey of the evolving interpretation of Article 39, see Inger Österdahl, Threat to the Peace: The Interpretation by the Security Council of Article 39 of the UN Charter (Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 1998).