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References
1.
1 International Committee of the Red Cross, Anti-personnel Landmines: Friend or Foe? (Geneva: ICRC, 1996).
2.
2 Shawn Roberts & Jody Williams, After Guns Fall Silent: The Enduring Legacy of Landmines (Washington, DC: Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, 1995).
3.
3 US Department of State, Hidden Killers: The Global Problem with Uncleared Landmines 1993, Report on International De-mining.
4.
4 CCW Convention Review Conference document CCW/CONF. I/GE/6, May 1994.
5.
5 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Statement to the International Meeting on Mine Clearance, Geneva, 6 July 1995.
6.
6 For the texts of the Hague documents and their assessment, see Jozef Goldblat, Arms Control: A Guide to Negotiations and Agreements (London: SAGE Publications, 1994).
7.
7 Two other protocols adopted at the same time are Protocol I prohibiting the use of any weapon whose primary effect is to injure by fragments which in the human body escape detection by X-rays, and Protocol III restricting the use of incendiary weapons.
8.
8 Another purpose of the CCW Review Conference was to consider a ban on blinding laser weapons. Additional Protocol IV to the CCW Convention, incorporating such a ban, was adopted on 12 October 1995. See CCW Convention Review Conference document CCW/CONF.1/7, October 1995.
9.
9 Amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-traps and Other Devices (Amended Protocol II), annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. CCW Review Conference document CCW/CONF.I/14, 3 May 1996.
10.
10 The US delegation to the Review Conference demonstrated how a piece of metal can be fixed onto a mine to make it detectable. The ease with which this can be done renders the need to defer compliance highly questionable.
11.
11 Most civilian landmine casualties during the past two decades occurred in internal conflicts or in conflicts asserted by the mine-using state to be internal.
12.
12 UN General Assembly Resolution 51/45S, December 1996.
13.
13 For the text of the APM Convention, see SIPRI Yearbook 1998 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, for SIPRI, 1998).
14.
14 In the meaning of the APM Convention, `transfer' does not involve the transfer of territory containing emplaced anti-personnel mines.
15.
15 This provision is meant to prohibit, among other things, the granting of licenses to manufacture APMs.
16.
16 For some negotiators `absolutely necessary' meant a couple of thousand units, for others - hundreds of thousands.
17.
17 Other exceptions demanded by certain countries (mainly the United States), but not accepted by others, included the right to use APMs in Korea in view of the special political and military situation in that divided country.
18.
18 Following the signing of the APM Convention, the Executive Board of the World Health Organization adopted, on 27 January 1998, Resolution EB101.R23 (reproduced in the Conference on Disarmament document CD/1493), which declared that damage caused by the use of anti-personnel mines is a public health problem.
19.
19 The 40 countries whose ratifications enabled the APM Convention to enter into force included only two major powers - France and the United Kingdom.
20.
20 In June 1996, the Organization of American States became the first regional organization to undertake the creation of hemisphere-wide anti-personnel mine-free zone. (Arms Control Today , May/June 1996.) Subsequently, in May 1997, participants in the first Continental Conference of African Experts on Landmines agreed to strive for the establishment of an African anti-personnel mine-free zone. (Conference on Disarmament document CD/1468, 22 July 1997.)
21.
21 According to the 1998 edition of Hidden Killers (see note 3 above) the total number of anti-personnel mines planted in several dozen countries is between 60 and 70 million - less than previously estimated. (USIS Geneva Daily Bulletin , 4 September 1998.)
22.
22 The Swiss Government has set up in Geneva a Centre for Humanitarian De-mining to offer services relevant to mine clearance.