US Foreign Policy and Political Islam

1 John Esposito, `Political Islam and American Foreign Policy', Brown Journal of Foreign Affairs, vol. 1, no. 1, Winter 1993-94, pp. 63-82; John Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); Elaine Sciolino, `The Red Menace Is Gone. But Here Is Islam', New York Times, 21 January 1996, sec. 4, p. 1; Zachary Karabell, `The Wrong Threat: The U.S. and Islamic Fundamentalism', World Policy Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, Summer 1995, pp. 37-48; Judith Miller, `The Challenge of Radical Islam', Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 2, Spring 1993, pp. 47-56; Mohommed A. Muqtedar Khan, `Global Islam', The Message, vol. 23, no. 10, October 1995, pp. 33-34.

2 Mohommed A. Muqtedar Khan, `There Are Islamic Moderates: Conversation with Ambassador Robert Pelletreau', Middle East Insight, vol. 12, no. 4-5, May-August 1996, pp. 3-5.

3 Robert Pelletreau, Daniel Pipes & John Esposito, `Symposium: Resurgent Islam in the Middle East', Middle East Policy, vol. 48, no. 1, Summer 1994, pp. 1-28.

4 Ibid., p. 2.

5 Ibid., pp. 2-3.

6 Esposito, The Islamic Threat (see note 1 above), pp. 241-253. Fred Halliday, Islam & the Myth of Confrontation: Religion and Politics in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 1995), pp. 107-132.

7 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above).

8 Arthur L. Lowrie, `The Campaign Against Islam and American Foreign Policy', Middle East Policy, vol. 4, no. 51-52, September 1994, pp. 210-219; Karabell (see note 1 above), pp. 39-43.

9 See the comments made by Steve Emerson at the seminar organized by the Journal of Counterterrorism & Security in Washington, DC, on 31 August 1998.

10 See, for instance, Ehud Sprinzak, `Terrorism, Real and Imagined', Washington Post, 19 August 1998, p. A21.

11 Graham E. Fuller, `Strikes Against Terrorism', Los Angeles Times, 28 August 1998, p. B8. See also Graham Fuller, `Airstrikes Aren't the End Game', Los Angeles Times, 24 August 1998, p. B5.

12 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), p. 21.

13 Esposito, The Islamic Threat (see note 1 above), p. 7.

14 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), pp. 8-12.

15 Muqtedar Khan (see note 2 above), pp. 3-5.

16 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), pp. 8-12.

17 John Esposito & John Voll, Islam and Democracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).

18 Esposito, The Islamic Threat (see note 1 above), p. 245.

19 Former Republican Congressman Paul Findley, `Bipartisan Advances for Israel', The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, vol. 14, no. 3, April-May 1995, pp. 16-17.

20 Ibid., p. 16. See also Gary Sick, `The United States and Iran: Truth and Consequences', Contention, vol. 5, no. 2, Winter 1996, p. 66.

21 Martin Indyk, Graham Fuller, Anthony Cordesman & Phebe Marr, `Symposium on Dual Containment: U.S. Policy toward Iran and Iraq', Middle East Policy, vol. 47, no. 1, Spring 1994, pp. 1-26.

22 Sick (see note 20 above), p. 66.

23 Patrick Clawson, `Iran's Challenge to the West: How, When and Why', Policy Papers, No. 33, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Washington, DC, 1993.

24 Sick (see note 20 above), p. 67.

25 Ibid., p. 68.

26 Daniel Pipes, `There Are No Moderates: Dealing with Fundamentalist Islam', National Interest, vol. 41, no. 3, Fall 1995, pp. 48-57, at p. 56; Miller (see note 1 above), pp. 43-44.

27 Daniel Pipes, `Fundamentalist Muslims', Foreign Affairs, vol. 64, no. 5, Summer 1986, pp. 951-952; Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), pp. 5-8; Pipes (see note 26 above), pp. 48-57; Daniel Pipes, `The Muslims Are Coming! The Muslims Are Coming!', The National Review, vol. 42, no. 11, November 1990, pp. 28-31.

28 Peter Rodman, `Co-opt or Confront Fundamentalist Islam?', Middle East Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 4, December 1994, pp. 61-64; Pipes (see note 27 above), pp. 951-952.

29 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), p. 5.

30 Pipes (see note 26 above), p. 53.

31 Leon Hadar, `What Green Peril?', Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 2, Spring 1993, p. 31.

32 Pelletreau et al. (see note 3 above), p. 12.

33 Rodman (see note 28 above), pp. 61-64; Pipes (see note 26 above), pp. 55-57; Miller (see note 1 above), pp. 44-47.

34 Pipes (see note 26 above), pp. 55-56.

35 Miller (see note 1 above), pp. 54-55.

36 Graham Fuller & Ian Lesser, A Sense of Siege: The Geopolitics of Islam and the West (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 39-43, 110-113.

37 Bernard Lewis, `Roots of Muslim Rage', The Atlantic Monthly, vol. 274, no. 9, September 1990, pp. 47-60; Bernard Lewis, Islam and The West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Pipes (see note 26 above).

38 Rodman (see note 28 above), p. 64; Pipes (see note 27 above), p. 49.

39 See State Department publications Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1997 and earlier issues.

40 See Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and National Security Advisor Statements, White House Press Briefings, 20 August 1998. Similar statements have been made by President Clinton and Defense Secretary Cohen.

41 Steve Emerson, on CBS News, 19 April 1995. Also, Emerson, on CNBC, Rivera Live, 23 August 1996.

42 Steve Emerson, `Get Ready for Twenty World Trade Center Bombings', Middle East Quarterly, vol. 3, no. 2, June 1997, pp. 71-82. This article is actually an interview of Emerson by none other than Daniel Pipes. See Pipes (note 26 above); Miller (see note 1 above), pp. 43-56.

43 See Reuven Paz, `Is There an “Islamic Terrorism”?', Policy Paper (Herzlia: International Policy Institute for Counterterrorism, 7 September 1998), p. 3.

44 See note 9 above.

45 Steve Emerson (see note 42 above), p. 77.

46 John Voll, `Relations amongst Islamist Groups', in John Esposito, ed., Political Islam: Revolution, Revivalism or Reform? (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1997), p. 241.

47 See John Esposito, The Islamic Threat (note 1 above). Also see Magnus Ranstorp, `Terrorism in the Name of Religion', Journal of International Affairs, vol. 50, no. 1, Summer 1996, pp. 41-62; William Quandt, `How Should Policy Makers Respond to the Challenge of Islamic Activism?', in Scott Hibbard & David Little, Islamic Activism and U.S. Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1997), pp. xiii-xxiv.

48 Hibbard & Little (see note 47 above).

49 Ibid., pp. 108-111.