Patterns in Arms Acquisitions by Ethnic Groups in Conflict

1 I. William Zartman, ed., Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1995).

2 For a general discussion, see Aaron Karp, `Arming Ethnic Conflict', Arms Control Today, vol. 23, no. 7, September 1993, pp. 9-13; Stephanie Neuman, `The Arms Trade, Military Assistance, and Recent Wars: Change and Continuity', The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 541, 1995, pp. 47-74; and Michael Klare, `The New Arms Race: Light Weapons and International Security', Current History, vol. 96, no. 609, April 1997, pp. 173-178.

3 On Angola, see Paul Beaver, `Flashpoints', Jane's Defence Weekly, vol. 22, no. 10, 10 September 1994, p. 22; William Hartung, U.S. Weapons at War (New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, 1995); and Lucy Mathiak, `Light Weapons and Internal Conflict in Angola', in Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael Klare & Laura Reed, eds, Lethal Commerce (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995). On Bosnia, see Michael Klare, `The Global Trade in Light Weapons and the International System in the Post-Cold War Era, in Boutwell, Klare & Reed, eds, Lethal Commerce (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995).

4 Aaron Karp, `Small Arms - The New Major Weapons', in Boutwell et al. (see note 3 above).

5 Stephen Goose & Frank Smyth, `Arming Genocide in Rwanda', Foreign Affairs, vol. 73, no. 5, September/October 1994, pp. 86-96.

6 Michael Klare, in Boutwell et al. (see note 3 above).

7 Karp (see note 4 above).

8 Keesing's Record of World Events, January 1994, p. 39809.

9 Military and Arms Trade News, 17 July 1995.

10 J. Bowyer Bell, `Arms Transfers, Conflict, and Violence at the Substate Level', in Uri Ra'anan, Robert Pfaltzgraff & Geoffrey Kemp, eds, Arms Transfers to the Third World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978); Klare (see note 2 above).

11 Karp (see note 2 above).

12 Ted Robert Gurr & Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 160-166; Ted Robert Gurr, `Peoples Against States: Ethnopolitical Conflict and the Changing World System', International Studies Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 3, September 1994, pp. 347-377.

13 Karp (see note 4 above); Swadesh Rana, Small Arms and Intra-State Conflicts. Research Paper No. 34 (Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 1995).

14 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, SIPRI Yearbook 1995: World Armaments and Disarmament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

15 UN General Assembly, Transparency in Armaments, Resolution 46/36L, 1991.

16 Neuman (see note 2 above).

17 We drew on information from the following journals and newspapers for information on arms in ethnic conflict: Africa Report, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Arms Control Today, Asian Defense Journal, Asian Survey, The Atlantic, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, Current History, The Economist, Far Eastern Economic Review, Foreign Affairs, Jane's Defence Weekly, International Peacekeeping News, Keesing's Record of World Events, Military and Arms Trade News, The Nation, The New York Times, Newsweek, RFE/RL Research Report, Survival, Time, U.S. News & World Report. Second, we consulted the following books: Africa Watch, Divide and Rule: State-Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993); Asia Watch, The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993); Jeffrey Boutwell, Michael Klare & Laura Reed, eds, Lethal Commerce (Cambridge, MA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1995); William Hartung, U.S. Weapons at War (New York: Arms Trade Resource Center, World Policy Institute, 1995); Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Angola: Arms Trade and Violations of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994); Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994); Michael Klare & David Andersen, A Scourge of Guns: The Diffusion of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Latin America (Washington, DC: Federation of American Scientists, 1996); Physicians for Human Rights, Mexico: Waiting for Justice in Chiapas (Boston: Physicians for Human Rights, 1994); Jasjit Singh, ed., Light Weapons and International Security (New Delhi: Indian Pugwash Society, 1995); Matthew Spriggs, `Bougainville, December 1989-January 1990: A Personal History', in R. J. May & Matthew Spriggs, eds, The Bougainville Crisis (Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1990); Daniel Volman, `The Role of Foreign Military Assistance in the Western Sahara War', in Yahia Zoubir & Daniel Volman, eds, International Dimensions of the Western Sahara Conflict (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Pamela Von Gruber, Defense & Foreign Affairs Handbook (London: International Media Corporation, 1994). Third, we conducted interviews with Australian government officials, 21 January 1996.

18 Human Rights Watch Arms Project, Angola: Arms Trade and Violations of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1994).