Innovations in Peace-Keeping: The Case of Albania

1 See G.R. Berridge, International Politics: States, Power & Conflict Since 1945 (Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 2nd edition, 1992), pp. 207-212.

2 For a comprehensive presentation of the state of UN peace-keeping in the mid-1990s see Alan James, `UN Peace-keeping: Recent Developments and Current Problems', in Dimitris Bourantonis & Jarrod Wiener, eds, The United Nations in the New World Order - The World Organization at Fifty (London: Macmillan, 1995), pp. 105-123.

3 See, inter alia, several articles in Michael Pugh, ed., The UN, Peace and Force, special issue of International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, no. 4 (Winter 1996).

4 For the problematic response to the Albanian crisis by European institutions see Marcella Favretto & Tasos Kokkinides, `Anarchy in Albania: Collapse of European Collective Security?' (London: British-American Security Information Council, BASIC Paper No. 21, June 1997) and `Quick March! Who Says?', The Economist, 22 March 1997, pp. 37-38. For a fairly complete account of the tasks finally performed by various international organizations in Albania as of June 1997, see `Fifth Report to the Security Council on the Operation of the Multinational Protection Force in Albania', UN Doc. S/1997/440, 9 June 1997, paras. 11-20.

5 See Julian Borger, `Uncertain Fate for Albanian Mission', The Guardian, 15 April 1997; `Fourth Report to the Security Council on the Operation of the Multinational Protection Force in Albania', UN Doc. S/1997/392, 23 May 1997, paras. 5 & 14; and `Eighth Report to the Security Council on the Operation of the Multinational Protection Force in Albania', UN Doc. S/1997/513, 3 July 1997, para.11.

6 See some of the periodic reports `... to the United Nations Security Council on the Operation of the Multinational Protection Force for Albania' contained in the following UN documents: S/1997/296, 10 April 1997, paras. 6-9; S/1997/392, 23 May 1997, paras. 3-6; S/1997/440, 9 June 1997, paras. 3-4; S/1997/460, 14 June 1997, paras. 3-12; S/1997/501, 30 June 1997, paras. 8-10.

7 See, for example, previously referred to UN Docs. S/1997/392, para. 9 and S/1997/440, paras. 9-10.

8 See, inter alia, UN Docs. S/1997/501, 30 June 1997, paras. 13-18 and S/1997/513, 3 July 1997, paras. 10-15.

9 From interviews with Greek military and diplomatic officials.

10 See UN Doc. S/1997/513, 3 July 1997, paras. 16-20.

11 See `Albanian President Admits Defeat but Won't Quit Yet', The New York Times, 1 July 1997, p. A4; and `Albania Poll Runoff Set to Confirm Win for Left', Financial Times, 7 July 1997.

12 An overcrowded refugee boat sank after colliding with an Italian corvette in late March 1997. For comments in Greece see Eleftherotypia, 29 and 30 March 1997.

13 See, for example, the Greek newspaper Eleftherotypia, 4, 5, 7 and 9 April 1997, on disagreements regarding the deployment of the Greek contingent of the multinational force; and the Greek newspaper Exousia, 3 July 1997, on the timing of the withdrawal of the MPF from Albania and the record of the Italian leadership.

14 See G.R. Berridge, International Politics (note 1 above), pp. 215-216.

15 See Anthony McDermott & Kjell Skjelsbaek, eds, The Multinational Force in Beirut 1982-1984 (Miami, FL: Florida International University Press, 1991).

16 From interviews with Greek military and diplomatic officials.

17 For an exposition of the view that international intervention in Albania has been inadequate see Misha Glenny, `The West Looks Away as Albania Disintegrates', International Herald Tribune, 27 June 1997.