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References
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1 Leading expositions are to be found in Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), and Power-Sharing in South Africa (Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1985); Eric A. Nordlinger, Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies , Occasional Paper no. 29, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, 1972); as well as the contributions of Kenneth D. McRae, Jurg Steiner, Donald L. Horowitz, Arend Lijphart, in Joseph V. Montville, ed., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, MA & Toronto: Lexington Books, 1990).
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2 Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa , p. 6.
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3 See Kåre Lode, `The Peace Process in Mali: Oiling the Works?', Security Dialogue , vol. 28 no. 4, 1997, pp. 409-424.
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4 Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985); and `Ethnic Conflict Management for Policymakers', in Joseph V. Montville, ed., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies , pp. 115-130.
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5 John McGarry, & Brendan O'Leary, eds, The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London & New York: Routledge, 1993); John Coakley, `The Resolution of Ethnic Conflict: Towards a Typology', International Political Science Review , vol. 13, no. 4, 1992, pp. 343-358.
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6 This is the classic `separation of powers' doctrine which has come to be considered a companion piece to the power-sharing principle in the constitutions of states, especially `presidential' ones.
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7 J. `Bayo Adekanye, `Rwanda/Burundi: “Uni-Ethnic” Dominance and the Cycle of Armed Ethnic Formations', Social Identities , vol. 2, no. 1, 1996, pp. 37-71.
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8 See United Nations, The United Nations and Rwanda 1993-1996 , Blue Books Series, New York: Department of Public Information, United Nations, 1996, Annex V, Sub-Section 5, Article 23 of Document 19, p. 189; emphasis supplied.
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9 J. `Bayo Adekanye, `Arms and Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Societies', Journal of Peace Research , vol. 34, no. 3, August 1997, pp. 359-366, at p. 364.
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10 War-torn Societies Project, `Economic rebuilding: What role for the state?', WSP Research Update , no. 4, March 1997, pp. 6-9.
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11 DEG is a two-year collaborative project (November 1995-October 1997) on the problems of managing ethnic conflicts in the war-peace transition, with Ethiopia, Mozambique, South Africa and Uganda as case-studies. The project has been led by J. `Bayo Adekanye at PRIO and sponsored by the Toyota Foundation.
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12 Réné Lemarchand, `Burundi in Comparative Perspective: Dimensions of Ethnic Strife', McGarry & O'Leary, eds, The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation , at p. 168.
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13 To judge from the critically informed diagnosis provided by UNRISD's (1995) report on States in Disarray: The Social Effects of Globalisation , these problems may in fact be more global in kind, if not in intensity, than might at first seem.
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14 J. `Bayo Adekanye, `Structural Adjustment, Democratisation, and Rising Ethnic Tensions in Africa', Development and Change , vol. 26, no. 2, 1995, pp. 355-374.
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15 Yusuf Bangura, The Search for Identity: Ethnicity, Religion and Political Violence , Occasional Paper no. 6; Crawford Young, Ethnic Diversity and Public Policy: An Overview , Occasional Paper no. 8; and Ralph Premdas, Public Policy and Ethnic Conflict Regulation: Oceania and the Caribbean , Paper prepared for the UNRISD Project on Ethnic Diversity and Public Policies, all published by UNRISD, Geneva, November 1994.
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16 UNDP, `New Dimensions of Human Security', in Human Development Report 1994 , New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, for UNDP, 1994, pp. 22-46.