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References
1.
1 For the history of the conflict, see Henri Barkey, `Turkey's Kurdish Dilemma', Survival , vol. 35, no. 4, 1993, pp. 51-70; Michael Gunter, `The Kurdish Problem in Turkey', Middle East Journal , vol. 42, no. 3, 1988, pp. 389-406; Omer Faruk Genckaya, `The Kurdish Issue in Turkish Politics: An Overview', Islamic World Review , vol. 1, no. 3, 1996, pp. 94-101.
2.
2 Milliyet , 17 August 1996. For the details of the changing positions of the PKK see Kemal Kirisci & M. Winrow, The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of Trans-State Ethnic Conflict (London: Frank Cass, 1997).
3.
3 Hasan Cemal, Sabah , 28 July 1996; Dogu Ergil, Daily News , 28 July 1997; Kirisci & Winrow, The Kurdish Question .
4.
4 Radikal , 5 December 1996.
5.
5 Nur Bilge Criss, `The Nature of PKK Terrorism in Turkey', Studies in Conflict and Terrorism , vol. 18, 1995, pp. 17-37; Yalcin Dogan, Milliyet , 11 November 1996; Sabah , 23 February, 1997.
6.
6 Yeni Yuzyil , 16 October 1996.
7.
7 The village guard system is a local defence force recruited, armed, and paid by the central authority. It consists of local villagers and is distinct from the army and the police.
8.
8 Milliyet , 11 December, 1996.
9.
9 For a detailed account of the international dimensions of the Kurdish conflict, see Kirisci & Winrow The Kurdish Question .
10.
10 The underlying assumption of this effort is twofold. One is the belief that in any conflict situation a major first step of the third parties - researchers, activists, policy-makers, and conflict resolvers - is to clarify the way in which parties to the conflict identify the issues. This step is seen as crucial to carrying out a sound analysis of the conflict and establishing an ethical basis to any possible intervention. Second, it is assumed that one of the major obstacles to a peaceful solution to the conflict stems from the fact that the parties have different metaphors in perceiving, understanding, and interpreting similar events.
11.
11 Hasan Cemal, Sabah , 28 July 1996.
12.
12 According to this author, this was an important turning-point in the history of the conflict and it represented the end of a policy of denial as regards the Kurdish problem in Turkey.
13.
13 Sedat Ergin, Hurriyet , 5 November 1996.
14.
14 Bulent Ecevit, in a TV program broadcast by ATV, Siyaset Meydani `The South East', 24 December 1994.
15.
15 From the official election declaration of MHP on the eve of Turkey's general elections of 24 December 1995.
16.
16 Yasemin Ersolak, `The Kurdish Conflict', unpublished paper (1994), Bilkent University, Department of International Relations.
17.
17 Ibid.
18.
18 Milliyet , 4 November 1996.
19.
19 Radikal , 16 October 1996.
20.
20 DYP Election declaration immediately prior to the general election of 24 December 1995.
21.
21 Dogu Perincek, in a TV program broadcast by ATV, Siyaset Meydani `The Sourth East', 24 December 1994.
22.
22 Milliyet , 3-4 January 1997, and Yeni Yuzyil , 30 January 1997.
23.
23 Alawites are Anatolian Shiites; the majority of the Turkish population is Sunni.
24.
24 From the action program of the Democratic Peace Movement, `Peace Project: Principles and Goals'.
25.
25 Milliyet , 24 July 1996.
26.
26 See Kirisci & Winrow, The Kurdish Question (note 2 above).
27.
27 Interview with Murat Gedik, Milliyet , 3 September 1996.
28.
28 See Meltem Müftüler-Bac, `Negotiating Kurdish Separatism in Turkey,' in Marc Howard Ross & Jay Rothmans, eds., Theory and Practice in Ethnic Conflict Management: Conceptualizing Success and Failure (London and New York, Macmillan, forthcoming).
29.
29 See Genckaya 1996 and Barkey 1993.
30.
30 Ufuk Guldemir, Texas Malatya (Istanbul: Tekin Yayinevi, 1992), p. 407.
31.
31 For a detailed account of the events see Henri Barkey & Graham Fuller, `Turkey's Kurdish Question: Critical Turning Points and Missed Opportunities', Middle East Journal , vol. 51, no. 1, 1997, pp. 59-79.
32.
32 Christopher Mitchell, Cutting Losses: Reflections on Appropriate Timing . Working Paper, George Mason University, no. 9, March 1996.
33.
33 Izak Atiyas, The Effect of the State's Presence in the Economy on Politics: Notes on the Reform of the State , Paper presented at the 5th National Conference on Quality: Total Quality Management and Quality in Politics, 13-14 November 1996, Istanbul.