Abstract
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
1 Valery Tishkov, Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union. The Mind Aflame (London: SAGE, 1997).
2.
2 See John Comaroff & Paul Stern, Perspectives on Nationalism and War (Newark, NJ: Gordon & Breach, 1996); Paul Stern, `Why Do People Sacrifice for Their Nations?', Political Psychology , vol. 16, no. 2, 1995, pp. 217-235.
3.
3 Raymond Pearson, `Separatism: Nationalist Theory and Historical Practice', in Trude Andersen, Beate Bull & Kjetil Duvold, eds, Separatism - Culture Counts, Resources Decide (Bergen: Bergen Trykk A/S, 1997), p. 19.
4.
4 See Vladimir Mukomel, `Vooruzhennye mezhnatsionalnye i regionalnye konflikty: ludskie poteri, ekonomicheskii uscherb i sotsialnye posledstviya' [Armed ethnic and regional conflicts: human losses, economic destruction and social effects], in Martha Brill Olcott, Valery Tishkov & Alexei Malashenko, eds, Identichnost i konflikt v postsovetskih gosudarstvah [Identity and Conflict in Post-Soviet States] (Moscow: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997), pp. 298-326.
5.
5 They are collected in Valery Tishkov, Ocherki Teorii i Politiki Etnichnosti v Rossii [Essays on Theory and Politics of Ethnicity in Russia], (Moscow: Russkii Mir, 1997). See particularly pp. 478-530.
6.
6 See Dan Smith, The State of War and Peace Atlas (London: Penguin, 1997).
7.
7 The Minister of Defence, Pavel Grachev, publicly announced on 4 March 1996: `We will aim at their homes as long as they are shooting at our boys from there.' The Russian President, Boris Yeltsin, declared to the whole country on 7 March 1996: `Today Grozny has been cleansed, though there have been losses on our side.'
8.
8 As early as March 1995, I observed children in a Moscow courtyard playing war and dividing themselves up into `Russians' and `Chechens' (none of them wanted to be `Chechen' just as no one in my childhood wanted to play a `German'!).
9.
9 Statement in the public hearing on the nationalities policy at the State Duma, 15 March 1997.
10.
10 Personal notes, Vladikavkaz, 11 December 1994.
11.
11 Interview with Ballaudi Movsaev, 23 February 1995, between Nazran and Samashki, Ingushetia.
12.
12 Personal notes, Vladikavkaz, 12 December 1994.
13.
13 I heard about this remark from Vyacheslav Mikhailov, Minister of Nationalities.
14.
14 Separatism - Culture Counts, Resources Decide , pp. 21-22. (See note 3 above.)
15.
15 See, for example, Chechnia. A Report of an International Alert Fact-Finding Mission (London: International Alert, 1992).
16.
16 Itogi, 20 May 1997, at p. 16.
17.
17 See Pavel Baev, The Russian Army in a Time of Troubles (London: SAGE, 1996).
18.
18 See Moskovsky Komsomolets , 11 September 1997.
19.
19 Francis Boyle, `Independent Chechnya: Treaty of Peace with Russia of 12 May 1997', Turkestan Newsletter , vol. 97-1:50, 15 September 1997.
20.
20 Paul Goble, `How Independent Is Chechnya?', RFE/RL e-mail newsletter, 11 September 1997.