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References
1.
1 The Interim Report of the Commission of Experts on the Evidence of Grave Violations of the International Humanitarian Law in Rwanda, Including Possible Acts of Genocide. UN Document S/1994/1125, 4 October 1994.
2.
2 This is stressed in Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from The Rwanda Experience. Study 2: Early Warning and Conflict Management (Denmark: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, March 1996).
3.
3 Romeo Dallaire, `The Changing Role of UN Peacekeeping Forces', in Jim Whiteman & David Pocock, eds, After Rwanda: The Coordination of United Nations Humanitarian Assistance (London: Macmillan, 1996), ch. 16, pp. 206-219.
4.
4 Outgoing code cable, UNAMIR, Kigali, Rwanda. From Dallaire to Baril/DPKO/UNATIONS, New York, 11 January 1994. Copy in possession of the author.
5.
5 Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda and State-Sponsored Violence in Rwanda 1990-1994 (London: Article 19, October 1996).
6.
6 Interview with Major Stefan Stec, a Polish major and peace-keeper with UNAMIR, The Hague, March 1996.
7.
7 The status of the informal meetings of the Security Council are uncertain, and there is an unwritten rule that details of debate are never leaked. However, when the author was researching the response to genocide, several ambassadors broke the convention. The author has also used notes of what was said during informal meetings in April and May 1994. See also Michael N. Barnett, `The Politics of Indifference at the United Nations and Genocide in Rwanda and Bosnia', in Thomas Cushman & Stjepan Mestrovic, eds, This Time We Knew: Western Response to Genocide in Bosnia (New York: New York University Press, 1996); and Barnett, `The UN Security Council: Indifference and Genocide in Rwanda', Cultural Anthropology (forthcoming, December 1997).
8.
8 Interview with Ambassador Colin Keating, permanent representative of New Zealand to the UN, New York, July 1994.
9.
9 Joint Evaluation... , note 2.
10.
10 Interview with Karel Kovanda, permanent representative to the UN, the Czech Republic, New York, July 1995. The paralysis within the Secretariat is described by Barnett (see note 7).
11.
11 Interviews with Major Stec (see note 6) and Major Brent Beardsley, peace-keeper in UNAMIR, Montreal, March 1996.
12.
12 Interviews with Major-General Romeo Dallaire and Beardsley, Montreal, March 1996.
13.
13 `Crisis in Africa'. Subcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate. Opening address by the chairman, Senator Paul Simon, 26 July 1994.
14.
14 `The Security Council Role in the Rwanda Crisis'. Statement prepared by Keating at the Comprehensive Seminar on Lessons Learned from UNAMIR, 12 June 1996.
15.
15 Interview with Kovanda, New York, July 1994.
16.
16 Interviews with Keating and Kovanda, New York, 1995. Also, notes on the informal discussions held by the Security Council to discuss Rwanda, April and May 1994. In possession of the author.
17.
17 Statement by the President of the Security Council Condemning the Slaughter of Civilians in Kigali and Other Parts of Rwanda. S/PRST/994/21, 30 April 1994.
18.
18 Interview with Keating, New York, July 1994.
19.
19 Outgoing coded cables to Baril in New York from Dallaire. MIR 1398, 20 July 1994. In possession of the author.
20.
20 Address by the President of the United States of America George Bush to the United Nations General Assembly , 23 September 1991. Press release USUN 41-(91).
21.
21 Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (New York: United Nations, 1992).
22.
22 George Bush, Humanitarian Mission to Somalia. Address to the Nation , Washington, DC, 4 December 1992. US Department of State Dispatch.
23.
23 Remarks Prepared for Delivery by Governor Bill Clinton (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1 April 1992); also, Remarks by Governor Bill Clinton (Los Angeles, CA: World Affairs Council, 13 August 1992).
24.
24 UN Security Council, S/PV.3188, 26 March 1993.
25.
25 The lack of personnel and equipment provided to UNOSOM II is described in the Report of the Commission of Inquiry Established Pursuant to Security Council Resolution 885 (1993) to Investigate Armed Attacks on UNOSOM II Personnel. New York, 24 February 1994, p. 9.
26.
26 Interview with Keating, New York, July 1994. A mission out of control is also described in the report referred to in note 25. Among the many examples cited are the controversy between the Italian contingent and UNOSOM II (p. 23) and the differences of approach between the various contingents and different communications networks used by them (p. 25).
27.
27 The unclassified text of the PDD was released as The Clinton Administration's Policy on Reforming Multilateral Peace Operations (Washington, DC: The White House, May 1994).
28.
28 Interview with Kofi Annan, New York, July 1994; also, BBC World Service, International Question Time , 27 April 1997.