The Kosovo Conflict and its Resolution

1 See Sabrina Petra Ramet, `War in the Balkans', Foreign Affairs, vol. 71, no. 4, Autumn 1992, pp. 88-89.

2 See Michael Salla, `Kosovo, Non-Violence and the Break-up of Yugoslavia', Security Dialogue, vol. 26, no. 4, December 1995, pp. 427-438.

3 See Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), pp. 46, 291-293; Miranda Vickers, The Albanians: A Modern History (London: Tauris, 1995), pp. 28-31, 41-48.

4 See Sabrina Petra Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1962-1991 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1992), pp. 76-77, 90-91, 187-189; H. T. Norris, `Kosova and the Kosovars', in F. W. Carter & H. T. Norris, eds, The Changing Shape of the Balkans (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 9-23; Christopher Cviic, Remaking the Balkans (London: Chatham House Papers, Pinter 1995 edition), pp. 14-20, 24.

5 On this controversial issue, see Ramet, note 4, pp. 194-199; Cviic, note 4, p. 63; Hugh Poulton, The Balkans: Minorities and States in Conflict (London: Minority Rights Publications, 1991), pp. 65-66; Dusan Janjic, `National Identity, Movement and Nationalism of Serbs and Albanians', in Dusan Janjic & Shkelzen Maliqi, eds, Conflict or Dialogue: Serbian-Albanian Relations and Integration of the Balkans (Subotica: Open University European Civic Centre for Conflict Resolution, 1994), pp. 138-139.

6 See Lenard J. Cohen, Broken Bonds: Yugoslavia's Disintegration and Balkan Politics in Transition (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995), pp. 151-159; Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia (London: Penguin, 1992), pp. 38-40; Fabian Schmidt, `Protests in Serbia Raise Hopes of Reconciliation in Kosovo', Transition, 7 March 1997, p. 18; John Zametica, The Yugoslav Conflict, Adelphi Papers, no. 270, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Summer 1992, p. 25.

7 See Vanessa Vasic Janekovic, `Ten Easy Lessons for Creating Ethnic Discord', Balkan War Report, April-May 1993, pp. 12-13; Ivo Banac, `The Fearful Asymmetry of War: The Causes and Consequences of Yugoslavia's Demise', Daedalus, vol. 121, no. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 145-152.

8 See Milan Milosevic, `Still Searching for a Solution', War Report, October 1996, p. 36.

9 See Ibrahim Rugova, La question du Kosovo (Paris: Fayard, 1994); Fehmi Agani, `Nation, National Minority and Self-Determination', in Janjic & Maliqi, note 5, pp. 221-222; Shkelzen Maliqi, `Self-Understanding of the Albanians in Non-Violence', in Janjic & Maliqi, note 5, pp. 237-247.

10 See Shkelzen Maliqi, `Towards Autonomy Plus', War Report, October 1996, p. 34; Fabian Schmidt, `Teaching the Wrong Lesson in Kosovo', Transition, 12 July 1996, pp. 37-39.

11 See Qosja in Stefan Troebst, `Still Looking for an Answer to the “Albanian Question” ', Transition, 7 March 1997, p. 25.

12 See Bakalli interview in KOHA (Prishtina), 29 March 1995.

13 See Salla, note 2, pp. 428, 432. Contra, see Maliqi in Janjic & Maliqi, note 5, pp. 237-242.

14 See Demaci in Ismije Beshiri, `Kosovar Independence Lacks International Backing', Transition, 22 March 1996, p. 54.

15 See Kalevi J. Holsti, `Paths to Peace? Theories of Conflict Resolution and Realities of International Politics', in Ramesh Thakur, ed., International Conflict Resolution (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1988), pp. 112-113.

16 See John W. Burton, Conflict and Communication (London: Macmillan, 1969); Edward E. Azar & John W. Burton, eds, International Conflict Resolution (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1986).

17 Historically, such conflict can be resolved violently or peacefully in one of the following ways: (1) by readjusting boundaries according to the irredentist demands; (2) by withdrawing the irredentist claims; (3) by arriving at various forms of accommodation and compromise, such as by some form of devolution; or (4) by redefining the irredentist goal and making it separatist. See Noami Chazan, `Introduction', in Noami Chazan, ed., Irredentism and International Politics (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1991), p. 6.

18 See Alexis Heraclides, `Conflict Resolution, Ethnonationalism and the Middle East Impasse', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 26, no. 2, May 1989, pp. 202-203.

19 See Janjic, note 5, pp. 171-175; Ranko Petkovic, `Relations of Yugoslavia and Albania since the End of World War I to the So-Called Yugoslav Crisis', in Janjic & Maliqi, note 5, pp. 264-265; Bosko Kovacevic, `(Im)possibility of the Serbian-Albanian Dialogue', in Janjic & Maliqi, note 5, pp. 343-345; Center for Preventive Action, Toward Comprehensive Peace in Southeast Europe: Conflict Prevention in the South Balkans: Report of the South Balkans Working Group of the Council on Foreign Relations, Center for Preventive Action, ed. Barnett R. Rubin (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1996), pp. 50-54.

20 See Despic in Sudost Europa, vol. 45, no. 8, 1996, pp. 640-641. The partition idea was first suggested by the nationalist writer Cosic and repeated when he was president of FRY. It has also been examined in considerable detail in a book by Branislav Krstic, Kosovo: Between Historical and Ethnic Right (in Serbo-Croatian) (Belgrade: Vid, 1994).

21 See Shkelzen Maliqi, `Kosovo: Jettisoned to Keep SS Serbia Afloat?', War Report, July 1996, p. 14.

22 Demaci in Transition, 7 March 1997, pp. 16-18; Gazmend Pula (head of the Kosovo Helsinki Committee), KOHA (Prishtina), 22 March 1995, p. 7; Veton Surroi, `The Key to Kosova: Enabling Constructive Negotiations', Balkan War Report, April-May 1993, pp. 3-4; Center for Preventive Action, note 19, pp. 47-48; Gazmend Pula, `Modalities of Self-Determination - The Case of Kosovo as a Structural Issue for Lasting Stability in the Balkans', Sudost Europa, vol. 45, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 394-404.

23 See Herman Schmid, `Peace Research and Politics', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 5, no. 3, 1968, pp. 217-231.

24 See Franklin de Vrize, `Kosovo: Stable and Explosive', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 6, no. 2, 1995, pp. 45-46; Dimitrios Triantaphyllou, `Kosovo Today: Is There No Way Out of the Deadlock?', European Security, vol. 5, no. 2, Summer 1996, pp. 282-283, 291.

25 See Christian Tomushcat, ed., Modern Law of Self-Determination (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).

26 See Vojin Dimitrijevic, `Democracy versus Nation: The Post-Communist Hypernational State and the Position of Its “Ethnically Different” Citizens', Helsinki Monitor, vol. 5, Special Issue, 1994.

27 Radovan Vukadinovic, `In Search of Security for the Balkans', Peace and the Sciences, Occasional Paper no. 9, December 1994, pp. 6-7; Beshiri, note 14, pp. 52-53.

28 See Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977); Eric Nordlinger, Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary, `Introduction', in John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary, eds, The Politics of Ethnic Conflict Regulation (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 34-37.

29 As suggested in Center for Preventive Action, note 19, pp. 7-9, 13, 47; and in Preventing Another War in the Balkans: The Case of Kosovo, ELIAMEP Report, Thanos Veremis, ed., concluding chapter (forthcoming).

30 See Tihomir Loza & Dukagjin Gorani, `Kosovo: Back to School', War Report, September 1996, p. 15; Maliqi, note 10, p. 15; Milosevic, note 8, pp. 35-36.

31 See John W. Burton, Deviance, Terrorism and War (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1979); Herbert C. Kelman, `The Problem-Solving Workshop', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 13, no. 2, 1976, pp. 70-90; C. R. Mitchell, Peacemaking and the Consultant's Role (Westmead: Gower, 1981), pp. 27-162; A. J. R. Groom, `Problem-Solving in International Relations', in Azar & Burton, note 16, pp. 85-91.

32 See Marc Howard Ross, The Culture of Conflict: Interpretations and Interests in Comparative Perspective (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), pp. 195-200; Raimo Väyrynen, Towards a Theory of Ethnic Conflicts and Their Resolution, Occasional Paper no. 6, 1994, Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies, pp. 20-21.

33 See Raimo Väyrynen, `To Settle or To Transform? Perspectives on the Resolution of National and International Conflicts', in Raimo Väyrynen, ed., New Directions in Conflict Theory (London: SAGE, 1991), pp. 1-25.