Troublesome Boomerang

1 Chairman's Statement of the Lyon summit, June 1996. URL: http://www.g7lyon.gouv.fr/US/fil/presid.html (2 July 1996).

2 Sahibzada Raoof Ali Khan, Masterplan for Narcotics Control (Islamabad: Government of Pakistan/UN Fund for Drug Abuse Control, 1990), p. 6.

3 Pakistan Narcotics Control Board, Fourth National Survey of Drug Abuse, Islamabad, 1989, cited in Raoof Ali Khan, note 2, p. 10.

4 H. R. Seccombe, `Squeezing the Balloon: International Narcotics Policy', Drug and Alcohol Review, vol. 14, 1995, pp. 311-316.

5 Narcotics Control Division, National Policy and Public Awareness Conference on Drug Abuse: Report on the Conference Held from 17 to 19 May 1993 (Islamabad: Government of Pakistan, 1993), p. 32.

6 US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1994, p. 13.

7 M. A. Bhatty, `The Political Consequences of Illicit Narcotics Activity in Pakistan', in Narcotics Control Division, note 5, p. 161.

8 US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report: Executive Summary, 1996, p. 109.

9 Juan G. Tokatlian, `The Miami Summit and Drugs: A Placid, Innocuous Conference?', Journal of Interamerican Studies & World Affairs, vol. 36, no. 3, Fall 1994, p. 82.

10 US Department of State, 1996-97 Individual Country Statements of Explanation [of Presidential decertification]. URL: http://www.state.gov.www/global/narcotics_law/1966_narc_report/indstmts.html (20 March 1997).

11 F. E. Thoumi, cited in Narcotics Control Division, note 5, p. 17.

12 `Bolivia under Pressure: Human Rights Violations and Coca Eradication', Human Rights Watch/Americas, vol. 8, no. 4(B), May 1996, p. 2.

13 Human Rights Watch, note 12, p. 3.

14 Tokatlian, note 9, p. 79.

15 Bhatty, note 7, p. 162.

16 F. E. Thoumi, `The Economic Consequences of Drug Abuse: Lessons from the Andean Cocaine Trafficking', in Narcotics Control Division, note 5, pp. 166-182; Bhatty, note 7, p. 162.

17 R. S. Gelbard, assistant secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, Statement before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the House International Relations Committee, Washington, DC, 21 June 1995.

18 M. Wilson, former Australian permanent representative to UNDCP, private communication of 3 April 1994.

19 Samuel I. del Villar, `Rethinking Hemispheric Antinarcotics Strategy and Security', in Donald J. Mabry, ed., The Latin American Narcotics Trade and U.S. National Security (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1989), pp. 105, 110.

20 `Drugs: Blizzard on the Islands', Time, 26 February 1996, p. 52 (Australian printing).

21 US Department of State, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997, chapter on South America. URL: http://www.state.gov.www/global/narcotics (20 March 1997).

22 See the National Drug Control Strategy: 1997. URL: http://www.ncjrs.org/htm/chapter2.htm (25 February 1997).

23 Report by the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the National Crime Authority: Drugs, Crime and Society (committee chaired by Peter Cleeland, MP) (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989), p. 83.

24 Transparency International, Ranking 1996. URL: http://www1.gwdg.de/~uwvw/rank-96.htm (22 July 1996).

25 Richard B. Craig, `Mexican Narcotics Traffic: Binational Security Implications', in Mabry, ed., note 19, p. 38.

26 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), New York, 25-27 June 1996.

27 World Health Organization, Programme on Substance Abuse, Work Plan 1996, WHO/PSA/96.2, p. 5.

28 Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Drugs Policy in the Netherlands: Continuity and Change, Rijswijk, October 1995, pp. 9-10. The Dutch finding is mentioned in the report of the International Narcotics Control Board (Report of the INCB for 1996, New York, 1997, paragraph 360).

29 Australian Drug Law Reform Foundation, Submission to the Premier's Drug Advisory Council [of the Australian State of Victoria], Canberra, 1995, p. 2.

30 D. Manderson, From Mr Sin to Mr Big: a History of Australian Drug Laws (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 75.

31 Graham Farrell, Kashfia Mansur & Melissa Tullis, `Cocaine and Heroin in Europe 1983-93: A Cross-national Comparison of Trafficking and Prices', British Journal of Criminology, vol. 36, no. 2, Spring 1996, pp. 255, 279; the article does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations.

32 Report of the Executive Director of UNDCP, E/CN.7/1996/3 (Vienna: ECOSOC, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, February 1996), p. 12.

33 Australian Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drugs (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1980), p. D86.

34 Tokatlian, note 9, p. 78.

35 For a valuable guide to harm minimization, see Alex Wodak & Ron Owens, Drug Prohibition: A Call for Change (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1996).

36 Wodak & Owens, note 35, p. 61.