Subregional Security: The Southern African Development Community

1 SADC, Declaration, Treaty and Protocol of the Southern African Development Community, Windhoek, 17 August 1992.

2 SADC, Summit Communique, Johannesburg, 28 August 1995.

3 SADC, Communique of the Heads of State or Governments of the Southern African Development Community, Gaborone, 28 June 1996.

4 Information on the ISDSC is based on the author's discussions with ISDSC participants and material drawn from Jakkie Cilliers, `Towards Collaborative and Cooperative Security in Southern Africa: The OAU and SADC', in J. Cilliers & M. Reichardt, eds, About Turn: The Transformation of the South African Military and Intelligence (Halfway House: Institute for Defence Policy, 1995).

5 See note 3.

6 Department of Defence, White Paper on National Defence: Defence in a Democracy, Department of Defence, Pretoria, Chapter 5, Section 24.

7 South Africa, Botswana and Namibia have decided not to join COMESA or ratify the agreement, and Lesotho and Mozambique have now also decided to withdraw.

8 In 1994 defence expenditure in the USA accounted for 4.3% of GDP. In European NATO countries, it averaged 2.4%; in Middle Eastern countries, 6.7%; and in East Asian countries, over 4.5%. On other hand, the averages for the Caribbean and Latin and Central America (1.7%) and sub-Saharan Africa (2.8%) were fairly low; The Military Balance 1995-1996, International Institute for Strategic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 264-269.

9 Defence Review Working Group, `Position Paper on SA Defence Posture - First Draft', July 1996.