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References
1.
1 For the postmodern view, see for example R.B.J. Walker, Inside/Outside (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). The political economy view can be seen in Susan Strange, `Wake Up Krasner! The World Has Changed', Review of International Political Economy , vol. 1, no. 2 (1994), pp. 209-219; and Philip Cerny, `Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action', International Organization , vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 595-627. The sociological view is set forth in Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
2.
2 For a `decline' view of the state, see for example James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Kenichi Ohmae, `The Rise of the Region State', Foreign Affairs , vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 78-87; John Stopford & Susan Strange with John S. Henley, Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); and Mark Zacher, `The Decaying Pillars of the Westphalian Temple: Implications for International Order and Governance', pp. 58-102 in James N. Rosenau & Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds, Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). The World Investment Report , prepared annually by the United Nations (New York), has data that support the view of the `declinists'.
3.
3 Ernst-Otto Czempiel claims that `we have to give up the notion and the concept of the state as well as the terminology that is traditionally connected to it.... there are no “states” acting in the transitional world'. Ernst-Otto Czempiel, `Internationalizing Politics: Some Answers to the Question of Who Does What to Whom', pp. 117-135 in James Rosenau & Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds, Governance Without Government...
4.
4 These arguments are set forth in Janice Thompson & Stephen D. Krasner, `Global Transactions and the Consolidation of Sovereignty', pp. 195-221 in Ernst-Otto Czempiel & James N. Rosenau, eds, Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989).
5.
5 See Stephen D. Krasner, `Economic Interdependence and Independent Statehood', pp. 301-322 in Robert H. Jackson & Alan James, eds, States in a Changing World (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993); see also the concluding chapter by Robert H. Jackson in the same volume.
6.
6 Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester, 1991), p. 54.
7.
7 Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994), p. 110. The two books by Anthony Giddens are Modernity and Self-Identity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991) and The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
8.
8 Shaw, Global Society ..., p. 113.
9.
9 Ken Booth, `Security and Emancipation', Review of International Studies , vol. 17, no. 4 (1991), pp. 313-326.
10.
10 Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear ..., pp. 100-101.
11.
11 Ibid., p. 106.
12.
12 Charles Tilly, `Reflections on the History of European State-Making', pp. 1-87 in Charles Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1975), at p. 71.
13.
13 See Raymond Copson, Africa's Wars and Prospects for Peace (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994). The information on Liberia is from the Associated Press, reported in the San Diego Union-Tribune , 20 December 1994, p. A-14.
14.
14 Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
15.
15 Muhammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), p. 81.
16.
16 Rhoda Howard, `Civil Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa: Internally Generated Causes', International Journal , vol. LI, no. 1 (Winter 1995-96), pp. 27-53, at p. 52.
17.
17 Quote from Newsweek , 27 November 1995, p. 23.
18.
18 I. William Zartman, Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995), p. 268.
19.
19 Edward D. Mansfield & Jack Snyder `Democratization and the Danger of War', International Security , vol. 20, no. 1 (Summer 1995), p. 12. See also Marina Ottaway, `Democratization in Collapsed States', pp. 235-251 in I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States ...
20.
20 Robert Cox, `Towards a Post-Hegemonic Conceptualization of World Order: Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldoun', pp. 132-160 in James N. Rosenau & Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds, Governance Without Government ...
21.
21 Philip Cerny, `Globalization and the Changing Logic of Collective Action', International Organization , vol. 49, no. 4 (1995), pp. 595-627.
22.
22 Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear ..., p. 19.
23.
23 Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union? An Introduction to the European Community (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p. 288.
24.
24 Ole Wæver et al., Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter, 1993), p. 23.
25.
25 Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear ..., pp. 78-79.
26.
26 David Held, Democracy and the Global Order (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995), p. 124.
27.
27 Ibid., p. 126. See also Michael Zürn, `The Challenge of Globalization and Individualization: A View from Europe', pp. 137-165 in Hans-Henrik Holm & Georg Sørensen, eds, Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
28.
28 Bill McSweeney, `Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School', Review of International Studies , vol. 22, no. 1 (1996), p. 93.