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References
1.
1 Rafiq Zakaria, The Struggle Within Islam: The Conflict Between Religion and Politics (London: Penguin Books, 1989), p. 31. Emphasis added.
2.
2 One Hadith (a saying of the Prophet) runs, `Other prophets before me were sent only to their peoples, I have been sent to all humanity.' This and previous quotes in the paragraph are from Albert Hourani, `The Islamic State,' in Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), pp. 1-24. This quote is from p. 8, emphasis added.
3.
3 This discussion is extracted from Robert L. Lineberry, Government in America (4th edition) (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman/Little, Brown Series in Political Science, 1989), pp. 40-41.
4.
4 Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age , p. 13, also see p. 8.
5.
5 Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982), p. 81.
6.
6 Ibid., p. 77.
7.
7 Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 167-168.
8.
8 Majid Khadduri, `Free Thought and Secularism' in Khadduri, Political Trends in the Arab World (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), pp. 212-252.
9.
9 S. Abul Ala Maududi, The Political Theory of Islam (Lahore: n.d.), pp. 29-30.
10.
10 Fazlur Rahman, `The Islamic Concept of State,' in John J. Donohue & John L. Esposito, eds, Islam in Transition (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 261-271.
11.
11 As cited in Zakaria, The Struggle .., p. 20
12.
12 Ibid.
13.
13 Khadduri, `Free Thought..', p. 213.
14.
14 The word commonly used to describe secularism, however, is Ilmaniyya-Duniyawiyya . Here, one has to keep in mind the pejorative aspect of Duniyawiyya , which can be taken as an obsession with materialism. Another phrase to describe secularism is Addahriyya , which also connotes an absence of belief in God.
15.
15 Khadduri, `Free Thought..', p. 217
16.
16 Ibid.
17.
17 Ibid, See also Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism: A Critique of Development Ideologies (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988), pp. 128-169.
18.
18 Zakaria, The Struggle .., p. 35.
19.
19 David Easton, A System Analysis of Political Life (New York: Wiley, 1965), p. 278.
20.
20 Ted R. Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970), pp. 183-185.
21.
21 Jack C. Plano & Milton Greenberg, The American Political Dictionary (6th edition) (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1982), p.6.
22.
22 Adeed Dawisha, `Power, Participation, and the Dilemma of Legitimacy in the Arab World,' (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986).
23.
23 Also note Michael Hudson's observation: `In terms of doctrine, it [Islam] has been interpreted to justify virtually absolute rule...' Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 91.