A New Era in Confidence Building

1 For discussion of the European experience, see Johan Jørgen Holst and Karen Alette Melander, `European Security and Confidence-Building Measures', Survival, vol. 19, no.4, July/August 1977, pp. 146-154; Jonathon Alford, `Confidence-Building Measures in Europe: The Military Aspects' Adelphi Paper no.149 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1979); Stephen Larrabee and Dietrich Stobbe, eds, Confidence-Building Measures in Europe (New York: Institute for East-West Security Studies, 1983); Rolf Berg and Adam-Daniel Rotfeld, Building Security in Europe: Confidence-Building Measures and the CSCE (New York: Institute for East-West Security Studies, 1986); and Cathleen S. Fisher, `The Preconditions of Confidence-building: Lessons from the European Experience', in Michael Krepon, Dominique M. McCoy and Matthew C.J. Rudolph, eds, A Handbook of Confidence-Building Measures for Regional Security (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, September 1993), pp.31-41.

2 See Sandy Gordon, `The New Nuclear Arms Race?', Current Affairs Bulletin, vol. 69, no. 6, November 1992, pp.28, 29.

3 James Clapper, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), `Testimony to the Senate Armed Services Committee, 22 January 1992', Regional Flashpoints Potential For Military Conflict, (Washington, DC: United States Information Service, 24 January 1992), pp. 1-2.

4 Desmond Ball, `Arms and Affluence: Military Acquisitions in the Asia-Pacific Region', International Security, vol.18, no.3, Winter 1993/94, p. 79.

5 `Bigger Role for Forces', Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 August 1992, p. 22.

6 Kensuke Abata, `JDA Spends Less Yen on More Contracts', Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 May 1993, p. 15.

7 See Desmond Ball, `The Post Cold War Maritime Strategic Environment in East Asia', in Dick Sherwood, ed., Maritime Power in the China Seas (Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre, Australian Defence Force Academy, 1994), chapter 2.

8 See Desmond Ball, `Tasks For Security Cooperation in Asia', in Desmond Ball, Richard L. Grant and Jusuf Wanandi, Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1993), pp. 20-21.

9 See Desmond Ball, `Building Blocks for Regional Security: An Australian Perspective on Confidence and Security Building Measures (CSBMs) in the Asia/Pacific Region', Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no. 83, (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1991), pp. 83-85.

10 Jawhar Hassan, `Managing Security in Southeast Asia: Existing Mechanisms and Processes to Address Regional Conflicts' Paper prepared for the Conference Enhancing Security in Southeast Asia, (Canberra: 5-6 April 1993), p. 4.

11 See Vice Admiral I.D.G. MacDougall, Chief of Naval Staff (CNJS), `CNS presentation to WPNS III on the Inaugural Western Pacific Naval Symposium Workshop' (Sydney, 9-10 July 1992), p. 8.

12 Ibid., pp. 8-9.

13 Ibid., p. 9. See also Captain Russ Swinnerton RAN and Desmond Ball, `A Regional Regime for Maritime Surveillance, Safety and Information Exchanges' Working Paper no.278, (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, December 1993).

14 ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies, A Time For Initiative: Proposals for the Consideration of the Fourth ASEAN Summit, 4 June 1991, pp. 4-5.

15 Joint Communique of the Twenty Fourth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Kuala Lumpur, 19-20 July 1991, p. 5.

16 Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore, `ASEAN Cooperation in the 1990s' (Singapore: Opening Address at the 26th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, 23 July 1993), paras. 25, 26.

17 Joint Communique of the Twenty-sixth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Singapore, 23-24 July 1993 Press Release, (Singapore: 26th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting/Post Ministerial Conferences, 23-28 July 1993), para. 8. See also `Ministers Endorse Security Forum', The Canberra Times, 24 July 1993, p. 7; and Michael Vatikiotis, `Uncharted Waters', Far Eastern Economic Review, 5 August 1993, pp. 10-11.

18 `The Jane's Interview', Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 February 1994, p. 52.

19 Ibid.

20 ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies, `A Time For Initiative: Proposals for the Consideration of the Fourth ASEAN Summit', 4 June 1991, p. 5. For further discussion of the role of SOMs, see His Excellency Dr Taro Nakayama, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan, `Statement to the General Session of the ASEAN Post Ministerial Conference', (Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 22 July 1991, pp. 12-13); and Jusuf Wanandi, `Developments in the Asia-Pacific Region' Paper prepared for a symposium on The Changing Asia-Pacific Scene in the 1990s: Security, Cooperation and Development, (Beijing: China Center for International Studies, 10-12 August 1991), p. 27.

21 Chairman's Statement, (Singapore: ASEAN Post-Ministerial Conferences, Senior Officials Meeting, 20-21 May 1993, paras. 8, 10.)

22 See Regional Security Dialogue: A Calendar of Asia Pacific Events, January 1994-December 1994, Prepared jointly by the Regional Security Section, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra, and the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, (Canberra: Second Edition, January 1994).

23 Desmond Ball, Richard L. Grant and Jusuf Wanandi, Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, p. 37.

24 For a more comprehensive discussion of CSCAP, see Desmond Ball, `The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP)', The Indonesian Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 4, Fourth Quarter, 1993, pp. 495-505.

25 See Lawrence T. Woods, `Non-governmental Organizations and Pacific Cooperation: Back to the Future?', The Pacific Review, vol. 4, no. 4, 1991, pp. 312-321; and Lawrence T. Woods, Asia-Pacific Diplomacy: Nongovernmental Organizations and International Relations (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1993, chapter 8).

26 Simon Kilroy, `New Centre Will Work on Asia-Pacific Security', The Dominion (Wellington), 12 August 1993, p. 2.

27 Desmond Ball, Richard L. Grant and Jusuf Wanandi, Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region, p. 37.

28 This is a subject suggested by the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See Datuk Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, `Opening Adress', (Kuala Lumpur: Seventh Asia-Pacific Roundtable on Confidence Building and Conflict Reduction in the Pacific, 7 June 1993, p. 7).

29 Australian Pacific Economic Cooperation Committee, 5th Report to the Australian Government, 1991, p.i.

30 Ibid., pp. i, 10-12.

31 ASEAN Institutes of Strategic and International Studies, A Time For Initiative: Proposals for the Consideration of the Fourth ASEAN Summit, 4 June 1991.

32 Cited in Michael Richardson, `Old Asia Adversaries Build Bridges', International Herald Tribune, 10 June 1993, p. 2.

33 Samuel B. Griffith, (ed. and trans.), Sun Tzu: The Art of War (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 83.

34 See Hasnan Habib, `Technology for National Resilience: The Indonesian Perspective', in Desmond Ball and Helen Wilson, eds, `New Technology: Implications for Regional and Australian Security', Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no. 76, (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, 1991), pp. 60-65, 76.

35 Desmond Ball, `Strategic Culture in the Asia-Pacific Region', Security Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, Autumn 1993, pp. 44-74.

36 Mahathir bin Mohamad, “Tak Kenal Maka Tak Cinta” ', in Asia-Pacific in the 1980s: Toward Greater Symmetry in Economic Independence (Jakarta: Center for Strategic and International Studies, May 1980), p. 18.