Security in Post-Apartheid Southern Africa

1 Conflict is defined here not only as armed warfare between belligerents; it refers to all incompatibilities in the region that block or otherwise threaten attempts aimed at reducing insecurity and increasing stability in Southern Africa.

2 Thomas Callaghy, `Africa and the World Economy: Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place', in John W. Harbeson and Donald Rothchild, eds, Africa in World Politics, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), pp. 39-68.

3 United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, World Investment Report, 1991: The Strategic Triad in Foreign Direct Investment (New York: United Nations, 1991), p. 83.

4 Joan Robinson, Economic Philosophy (Chicago: Aldine, 1963), p. 45.

5 Such aid would not have been destabilizing in the Angolan case, if demobilization had occurred and if the MPLA had not been so cash-strapped as to have trouble feeding and paying their troops.

6 For an in-depth look at the challenges, see Stephen John Stedman, ed., South Africa: The Political Economy of Transformation, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1993).

7 Alan Whiteside, `Labour Migration in Southern Africa to the Year 2000 and Beyond'. Paper prepared for discussion in Scandinavia and the UK, November 1991, mimeo.

8 See Peter Vale, `Reconstructing Regional Dignity', in Stephen John Stedman, ed., South Africa: The Political Economy of Transformation.

9 The approaches are merely listed here. For a discussion of the prospects for and forces in favour of each of the approaches, see Ohlson and Stedman, The New is Not Yet Born..

10 While progressive on the domestic South African redistribution and transformation issues, the so-called Tucker Report exemplifies such a critical view of the region. See Bob Tucker and Bruce Scott, eds, South Africa. Prospects for a Successful Transition (Cape Town:Juta, 1992).

11 Proponents of this view are found in NP government circles and in the private sector.

12 This perspective is most frequently put forward by the ANC.

13 The Military Balance 1991-92, (London:IISS, 1992). A detailed survey is made in Ohlson and Stedman, The New is Not Yet Born..

14 One exception being the as yet not effectuated personnel cutbacks in Angola and Mozambique stipulated in the respective peace accords.

15 Gilbert M. Khadiagala, `Security in Southern Africa: Cross-National Learning', Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, vol. 14, no. 3, 1992, pp. 82-97.

16 See, for example, Laurie Nathan, `Towards a Post-Apartheid Threat Analysis', Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol.15, no.1, May 1993. The article is based on a paper originally presented to a seminar with the ANC-aligned Military Research Group in March 1993.

17 See Ibbo Mandaza, `Southern Africa in the 1990s: Resolving the South African (National) Question', Southern Africa Political and Economic Monthly, vol. 4, no. 8, May 1991.

18 Kampala Document for a Proposed Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa, unpublished report, Kampala, May 1991.

19 See, for example, Laurie Nathan, `Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Co-operation in Africa', Southern African Perspectives, CSAS, no. 13, May 1992. The prospects and limitations of such a framework were explored in detail at a United Nations Seminar on Confidence and Security Building Measures in Southern Africa, held in Windhoek, Namibia, 24-26 February 1993.

20 See Towards the Southern African Development Community. A Declaration by the Heads of State of Government of Southern African States; Treaty of the Southern African Development Community; Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the Southern African Development Community on Immunities and Privileges; adopted at Windhoek, August 1992. The areas of cooperation are (a) food security, land and agriculture; (b) infrastructure and services; (c) industry, trade, investment and finance; (d) human resources development, science and technology; (e) natural resources and environment; (f) social welfare, information and culture; and (g) politics, diplomacy, international relations, peace and security.

21 For a discussion of the dangers inherent in such interventions, see Stephen John Stedman, `The New Interventionists', Foreign Affairs, vol. 72, no. 1, 1993, pp. 1-16.