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References
1.
1 See Alan James, `The History of Peace-keeping: An Analytical Perspective', Canadian Defence Quarterly , September 1993.
2.
2 For a brief analysis of this operation, see Alan James, Peace-keeping in International Politics (Houndmills and London: Macmillan, in association with the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1990), Part V, Section C, pp. 291-299.
3.
3 See The Times , 5 March 1993. The relevant UN document is S/25354 of 3 March 1993. The present article assumes that the use of force in this sort of internal context does not necessarily remove an operation from the peace-keeping category.
4.
4 See UN Document S/24389, 7 August 1992.
5.
5 See UN Information Centre, London, News Summary NS/26/93, 8 July 1993.
6.
6 See UN Document S/24721, 27 October 1992.
7.
7 See UN Document S/24794, 11 November 1992. By Resolution 858 of 24 August 1993 the Security Council established an Observer Mission in Georgia.
8.
8 See UN London Information Centre, News Summary NS/28/92, 13 August 1992.
9.
9 See UN Document S/24741, 30 October 1992.
10.
10 See work cited in footnote 1, Part V, Section J, pp. 339-351.
11.
11 See UN Document S/23592, 15 February 1992 and S/23777, 2 April 1992. The UN simply refers to this operation as `UNPROFOR', but to distinguish it from different activities conducted by the same Force in Bosnia, the number `I' is sometimes appended.
12.
12 See UN Documents S/24333, 21 July 1992 and S/24346, 24 July 1992.
13.
13 See UN Documents S/24074, 6 June 1992 and S/24540, 10 September 1992.
14.
14 See UN Document S/24100, 15 June 1992.
15.
15 See UN Document S/24767, 5 November 1992.
16.
16 See The Times , 24 May 1993. The Security Council (hesitantly) endorsed this idea on 4 June: see The Times , 5 June 1993. Subsequently, in Resolution 844 (1993) of 18 June it authorized the use of an additional 7,600 troops for this purpose. But a month later the troops had not been deployed: see The Times , 15 July 1993.
17.
17 See UN Document S/22663, 31 May 1991.
18.
18 See UN Document S/23829, 21 April 1992.
19.
19 See UN Document S/19834 and S/19835, 14 April 1988.
20.
20 See UN Document S/20338, 17 December 1988.
21.
21 See UN Document A/44/210, 5 April 1989 and A/44/304, 6 June 1989.
22.
22 See UN Document S/21845, 5 October 1990.
23.
23 See UN Document S/22031, 21 December 1990 and S/23402, 10 January 1992.
24.
24 See UN Document S/24642, 9 October 1992 and S/24892, 3 December 1992. The target date for the full deployment of this body - 1 May 1993 - was not met due to `administrative delays, both on the part of the United Nations and the troop-contributing countries': UN Information Centre, London, News Summary NS/20/93, 27 May 1993. Subsequently, the UN Secretary-General expressed his concern about delays to the peace process within Mozambique, and encouraged the parties to accelerate the process: see Ibid NS/28/93, 15 July 1993
25.
25 See UN Document S/22627, 20 May 1991.
26.
26 See UN Document S/22059, 11 January 1991 and S/23613, 19 February 1992.
27.
27 This is an instance of what the UN Secretary-General has called `preventive deployment': Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace , (New York: United Nations, 1992), paras. 28-32.
28.
28 See UN Document S/20895, 11 October 1989.
29.
29 See UN Document S/24923, 9 December 1992, and Security Council Resolution 795 (1992) of 11 December. The acronym is the author's, following the practice mentioned in footnote 11 above.
30.
30 Security Council Resolution 846 (1993) of 22 June.
31.
31 See UN Document S/20412, 23 January 1989.
32.
32 See UN Document S/22464, 19 April 1991.
33.
33 See UN Information Centre, London, News Summary NS/16/93, 29 April 1993.
34.
34 The most recent agreement to this effect which the writer has been able to discover was signed on 22 October 1992. Reference is made to it in UN Document S/25064, 8 January 1993.
35.
35 The UN also finds it difficult to finance the Guards - but a decision to withdraw them on this ground is reported to have been rescinded: see The Times , 25 May 1993.
36.
36 See, for example, The Times , 24 and 25 February 1993.
37.
37 See Alan James, `The UN in Croatia: an exercise in futility?', The World Today , vol. 49, no. 5, May 1993.
38.
38 See UN Information Centre, London, News Summary NS/5/93, 11 February 1993.
39.
39 For a discussion of some other aspects of internal peace-keeping, see Alan James, `Problems of Internal Peace-keeping', Diplomacy and Statecraft , (forthcoming).