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References
1.
1 1769-1860, born in Rügen, assistant professor in Greifswald and a Swedish citizen before 1815, when the quotation was written.
2.
2 The concept `nation' is ambiguous. It may refer both to ethnic group and to state. In this article, `national self-determination' is treated as referring to ethnicity. The concept `ethnic' is used to denote `right by birth', common origin. Usually the reference is to language, confession and historical mythology.
3.
3 Cf Kristian Gerner, `Ethnic Rights as Human Rights. The Case of the Baltic States and Hungary', in Vojtech Mastny and Jan Zielonka, eds, Human Rights and Security. Europe on the Eve of a New Era. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1991), pp. 159-176.
4.
4 The Bosnians are descendants of the Christian heretic Bogumils, who converted to Islam in the Ottoman period. Although some have emigrated, inter alia to Turkey, they must be regarded as a typical `local' people. In prewar Yugoslavia and in Fascist Croatia they did not have a state of their own.
5.
5 Estimates of the number of Gypsies vary. A count in 1990 gave two million in Romania, 800,000 each in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the USSR and Yugoslavia, 600,000 in Hungary, 62,000 in Albania and 50,000 in Poland. Their situation, bad already before 1989, has grown worse since then. From Romania, Bulgaria and Serbia, hundreds of thousands of Gypsies have tried to reach Germany. In the cities of Russia, Poland and Ukraine begging Gypsies are a frequent sight. See Zoltan D. Barany, `Democratic Changes Bring Mixed Blessings for Gypsies', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 20, 1992, p. 41; Witold Pawlowski, `Nie ma juz szczesliwych Cyganów. Rom czyli wstyd', Polityka , 28 November 1992.
6.
6 See the series of articles `113 abgelehnte Asylbewerber und illegale Grenzgänger. Rumänen nach Bukarest abgeschoben', `Nach dem Bonner Asylkompromiss. Polen fordert weitere Absprachen', `Problem betrifft auch die CSFR-Nachfolgestaaten. Unvorbereitet auf neue Situation', Süddeutsche Zeitung , 9 December 1992.
7.
7 See Sven Tägil, Kristian Gerner, Göran Henrikson, Rune Johansson, Ingmar Oldberg & Kim Salomon, Studying Boundary Conflicts. A Theoretical Framework , (Lund: Esselte Studium 1977); and Sven Tägil, ed., Regions in Upheaval: Ethnic Conflict and Political Mobilization (Lund: Esselte Studium 1984).
8.
8 See `V tupikach svobody. S Andreem Sinyavskim besed yet Efim Bershin', Literaturnaya Gazeta , 1 April 1992, p. 3.
9.
9 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, `Kak nam obustroit Rossiyu?', Literaturnaya Gazeta , 18 September 1990, pp. 3-6.
10.
10 Roman Solchanyk, `Ukraine Considers a New Republican Constitution', Report on the USSR , vol. 3, no. 23, 1991, p. 25.
11.
11 `Interview with Ukrainian Supreme Soviet Chairman Leonid Kravchuk', Report on the USSR , vol. 2, no. 47, 1991, p. 16.
12.
12 Alfred A. Reisch, `Agreements Signed with Ukraine to Upgrade Bilateral Relations', Report on Eastern Europe , vol. 2, no. 25, 1991, p. 14.
13.
13 `Ukraine Votes for Independence', Report on the USSR , vol. 3, no. 50, 1991, p. 28.
14.
14 Wladyslaw A. Serczyk, `Odkrywanie Ukrainy', Polityka , 1 February 1992, pp. 1, 8-12; Jagienka Wilczak, `Polacy na Ukraine: obok siebie. W Uscisku Historii', Polityka , 8 February 1992, p. 12.
15.
15 The Crimean Tatars, who were deported in 1944, have returned in great numbers, causing further ethnic tension in the area.
16.
16 Jaroslaw Martyniuk, `Roundup: Attitudes toward Ukraine's Borders', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 35, 1992, pp. 66-67.
17.
17 Jaroslaw Martyniuk, `Ukrainian Independence and Territorial Integrity', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 13, 1992, pp. 64-68.
18.
18 Quoted from Solchanyk, Roman, `Ukraine and Russia: the Politics of Independence', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 19, 1992, p. 14.
19.
19 Ibid.
20.
20 Vladimir Solonar, `A esli soldaty uidut', Literaturnaya Gazeta , 12 August 1992.
21.
21 See Bohdan Nahaylo, `Ukraine and Moldova: The View from Kiev' and Dan Ionescu, `Romanian Concern over the Conflict in Moldova', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 18, 1992, pp. 29-45 & 46-51.
22.
22 Abraham Brumberg, `Not so Free at Last', The New York Review of Books , vol. 39, no. 17, 1992, pp. 60-61.
23.
23 Alfred A. Reisch, `Transcarpathian's Hungarian Minority and the Autonomy Issue', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 6, 1992, p. 23.
24.
24 Viktor Meier, `Unveränderte Fronten in Siebenbürgen. Die Ungarn sind von der neuen rumänischen Verfassung enttäuscht', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , 28 February 1992.
25.
25 Jan Obrman, `Language Law Stirs Controversy in Slovakia', Report on Eastern Europe , vol. 1, no. 46, 1990, pp. 13-17.
26.
26 Martti Puukko, `Splittras också Tjeckoslovakien?', Ny Tid , 19 March 1992, p. 12.
27.
27 `Vorwürfe Meciars gegen die Regierung Ungarns', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , 8 July 1992.
28.
28 `Die Slowakei gibt sich eine neue Verfassung', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , 3 September 1992.
29.
29 Ibid.
30.
30 Andre Liebich, `Minorities in Eastern Europe: Obstacles to a Reliable Count', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 20, 1992, p. 38.
31.
31 `Slowakei. Diebstahl der Donau. Die ungarische Minderheit fürchtet eine Verschlimmerung ihrer Lage durch den Konflikt um das Kraftwerk Gabcikovo', Der Spiegel , no. 45, 1992, pp. 241-244.
32.
32 Michael Thumann, `Der Streit um das Donau-Kraftwerk Gabcikovo entzweit Ungarn und Slowaken. Jetzt sitsen die Bauern auf dem Trockenem', Die Zeit , no. 47, 13 November 1992, p. 11.
33.
33 Edith Oltay, `Hungarians in Yugoslavia Seek Guarantees for Minority Rights', Report on Eastern Europe , vol. 2, no. 38, 1991, pp. 39-46.
34.
34 The allegation had an implicit reference to the fact than in the 1930s, anti-Serbian terrorists really had training facilities in Hungary.
35.
35 Edith Oltay, `Minorities as Stumbling Block in Relations with Neighbors', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 19, 1992, p. 29.
36.
36 `Anonyme Drohungen, Schikane gegen Kinder, Heckenschützen, Bombenattentate', Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , 10 November 1992.
37.
37 Michael Frank, `Rund ein Drittel aller Ungarn lebt im Ausland', Süddeutsche Zeitung , 22 August 1991.
38.
38 Edith Oltay, `Minorities as Stumbling Block in Relations with Neighbors', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 19, 1992, p. 31.
39.
39 A.O. `Europa soll Protektor der Minderheiten sein', Neue Zürcher Zeitung , 24 June 1992.
40.
40 Judith Pataki, `Istvan Csurka's Tract: Summary and Reactions', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 40, 1992.
41.
41 Kerstin Nyström, `Jugoslavien - en stat försvinner', Europa - historiens återkomst. Sven Tägil, ed. (Hedemora: Gidlunds 1992), p. 421.
42.
42 Edith Oltay, `The Hungarian Democratic Federation of Romania: Structure, Agenda, Alliances', Report on Eastern Europe , vol.2, no. 29, 1991.
43.
43 Michael Thulmann, `Land zwischen Krieg und Bürgerkrieg. Nach dem Zerfall Jugoslawiens ringt Mazedonien um äussere Anerkennung und innere Eintracht', Die Zeit , no. 46, 6 November 1992, p. 8.
44.
44 Alfred A. Reisch, `The Difficult Search for a Hungarian-Slovak Accord', RFE/RL Research Report, vol. 1, no. 42, 1992, p. 30.
45.
45 Thulmann, `Land zichen Krieg und Bürgerkrieg'.
46.
46 Ibid.
47.
47 `Kosovo Issue Heats Up Again', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 33, 1992, pp. 80-81
48.
48 Michael Schwelien, `Noch eine Front auf dem Balkan: Zwischen Athen und Skopje gärt der Konflikt um den Namen Mazedonien. Griechenland fürchtet die Umklammerung', Die Zeit , no. 49, 27 November 1992, p. 11.
49.
49 Duncan M. Perry, `The Republic of Macedonia and the Odds for Survival', RFE/RL Research Report , vol. 1, no. 46, 1992.
50.
50 This is not to say that the actors must have `ethnic' motives, only that international political discourse has become `ethnicized' and that people harass and kill each other according to ethnic criteria.