Two Years After the Gulf War

1 Saddam Hussein's commitment to the tenets of extreme Arab nationalism, which also contributed to the Iraqi invasion of Iran, was a particularly important factor. For more details, see Shireen T. Hunter, `Iraq Is Not the Lesser of Two Evils,' Los Angeles Times, 29 July 1990; also `Arab Nationalism Had Role in Invasion,' Atlanta Journal & Constitution, 4 August 1990.

2 See Jean Dreze & Haris Gazdar, `Hunger and Poverty in Iraq', World Development, vol. 20, no. 7, 1992, pp. 921-945.

3 See `Iraq Said to Face Many Years of Effort to Rebuild Its Economy,' New York Times, 3 June 1991.

4 Ibid.

5 See `Patching Things Up', Middle East Economic Digest (MEED), vol. 35, no. 49, 13 December 1991, p. 7.

6 See `Gold Reserves Used for Food Purchases', MEED, vol. 36, no. 43, 30 October 1992, p. 33.

7 See `Iraq: Remembering the Marsh Arabs', MEED, vol. 36, no. 35, 4 September 1992, p. 20.

8 Based on personal interviews with various officials and eyewitness accounts. Nor is it any secret that the Iraqi regime is favoring the military and the Sunni center and punishing the Shi'as. See `Iraqi Campaign Said to Force Shi'ites Out of Hiding', Washington Post, 27 July 1992.

9 See `Tight Grip Helps Saddam Survive West's Sanctions', Washington Post, 19 November 1992.

10 See `Iraq Goes Hungry After Merchants' Purge', MEED, vol. 36, no. 37, 18 September 1992, p. 10.

11 See `The State of Iraq: One Year On', MEED, vol. 36, no. 4, 31 January 1992, pp. 4-5.

12 Ibid.

13 According to a report by Judith Miller in the New York Times Magazine,'...Kurdistan is now a treeless land..'. `Iraq Accused: A Case of Genocide', New York Times Magazine, 3 January 1993, p. 17.

14 See the text of the UN Security Council Resolution 687, 3 April 1991, which set up the Special Commission.

15 See `Nuclear Program Stands at Zero', MEED, vol. 36, no. 36, 11 September 1992, pp. 15-16. Also, the first report of the sixth IAEA inspection in Iraq. UN Security Council document S/23122, 8 October 1991.

16 See The Military Balance for 1991-1992, published by Brassey's for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, London.

17 Based on personal conversations. However, no exact and reliable statistics are available on the numbers of Shi' as who have been killed.

18 See `No Fly Zone Makes Marshes Worse', MEED, vol. 36, no. 49, 11 December 1992, p. 12.

19 See Judith Miller, `Iraq Accused', 1993, p. 36.

20 Ibid., p. 36. The Iraqi policies of Arabizing by, among other things, putting Egyptian workers into Kurdistan were known in the West. But because of the Iran-Iraq war and the policy of favoring Iraq, they were largely overlooked.

21 The resolution was passed on 28 July 1987. For text, see United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 75, no. 972.

22 See `Amr Musa Comments on Foreign Policy Issues,' Cairo Radio in Foreign Broadcasting Information Service (FBIS/NES), 27 November 1992, pp. 12-13.

23 For a full elaboration of these issues, see Shireen T. Hunter, `Persian Gulf Security: Lessons of the Past and the Need for New Thinking', SAIS Review, vol. 12, no. 1, Winter/Spring 1992, pp. 155-66.

24 See `Iranian Designs Under Mounting Arab Fire,' The Middle East Today, no. 390, 16 November 1992, p. 1.

25 In fact, Syria and Oman have tried to mediate between Egypt and Iran. See The Middle East Today, no. 414, 18 December 1992, p. 1; also see `Damascus Declaration on Brink of Collapse,' The Middle East Today, no. 399, 27 November 1992, p. 1.

26 See Sami Kohen, `Contacts with Central Asian States: A Foundation for Pan-Turkism', The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, August/September 1992, pp. 17-18.

27 For instance, one Arab columnist has commented that `Ankara has its eyes on recovering the former Ottoman province of Mosul, oil fields and all in Iraq....' See The Middle East Today, no. 393, 19 November 1992, p. 1; others suspect Turkey of `plotting Greater Turkestan, including northern Iraq...' The Middle East Today, no. 379, 30 October 1992, p. 1.

28 See `Paper Discusses Turkish Territorial Ambitions,' Persian daily Abrar in FBIS/NES, 24 November 1992, pp. 58-59.

29 See `Key States Warn US Over Kurds, Turkey, Iran, Syria Challenge US Role,' Washington Post, 15 November 1992. Also `Iraqi Opposition Worries About Gaining Regional Support', Christian Science Monitor, 4 November 1992.