Closing the Mediation Gap:

1 For a fuller report, see J.W. Harbeson, `The Horn of Africa: From Chaos, Political Renewal?' Current History, May 1991, vol. 90, no. 556, pp. 221-224.

2 For a good description, see H. Lewis, `Beginning Again', Africa Report, September-October 1991, pp. 59-62.

3 For a more thorough discussion, see M. Doornbos, L. Cliffe, A. G. M. Ahmed & J. Markakis, eds, Beyond Conflict in the Horn, (London: The Institute of Social Studies, The Hague in association with James Currey, 1992).

4 For more background information, see John Markakis, National and Class Conflict in the Horn of Africa (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987); P.A. Nyong'o, `The Implications of Crises and Conflict in the Upper Nile Valley', pp. 95-114 in F.M. Deng and W. Zartman, eds, Conflict Resolution in Africa (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991); and Dayle E. Spencer & William J. Spencer, 1992. `The International Negotiation Network: A New Method of Approaching Some Very Old Problems'. (Atlanta, GA: The Carter Center of Emory University) Occasional Paper Series, vol. 2, no. 2.

5 For vivid accounts, see J.W. Clay, S. Steingraber, & P. Niggli, The Spoils of Famine: Ethiopian Famine Policy and Peasant Agriculture, (Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc., Report 25, 1988); D.W. Giorgis, Red Tears: War, Famine and Revolution in Ethiopia, (Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, Inc., 1989); and Max Peberdy, Tigray: Ethiopia's Untold Story, (London: Relief Society of Tigray UK Support Committee, 1985).

6 Article Two, Section Seven of the UN Charter prohibits its involvement in the internal affairs of member states.

7 For more discussions, see F.M. Deng & I. W. Zartman, eds, Conflict Resolution in Africa (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1991); Max Gluckman, Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa (London and Glencoe, IL: Cohen and West and Free Press, 1963); P.H. Gulliver, Disputes and Negotiations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, (Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1979); L. Nader & H. F. Todd Jr., eds, The Disputing Process-Law in Ten Societies, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978); Dayle E. Powell's `Legal Perspective', pp. 135-147, in V.A. Kremenyuk, ed., International Negotiation, (San Francisco CA.: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1991); Alvin W. Wolfe, `Conceptions of Authority: An African Study', pp. 44-52 in L.P. Vidharthi, ed., Leadership in India (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1967); and H. Yang, `Past is Present - Legal Anthropology for Tomorrow', a winning entry of the First Annual Honors Essay Contest of the Omicron Delta Kappa National Leadership Honor Society (Tampa FL: University of South Florida, 1990).

8 For a recent analysis, see S.E. Merry, `Mediation in Nonindustrial Societies', pp. 68-90 in K. Kressel, D.G. Pruitt, et al., Mediation Research (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989).

9 For more details, see J.Z. Rubin & B.R. Brown, The Social Psychology of Bargaining and Negotiation (New York: Academic Press, 1975).

10 Current members of the INN Council include, in addition to former US President Jimmy Carter, the Chair; Oscar Arias Sánches, former President of Costa Rica; Olusegun Obasanjo, former President of Nigeria; Lisbet Palme, Swedish Committee for UNICEF; Javier Peréz de Cuéllar, former UN Secretary-General; Shridath Ramphal, former Secretary-General of the Commonwealth Nations; Marie-Angélique Savané, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees; Eduard Shevardnadze, former Foreign Minister of the USSR; Desmond Tutu, Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa; Cyrus Vance, former US Secretary of State, Elie Wiesel; Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity; Andrew Young, former US Ambassador to the UN.

11 For a recent analysis, see Dayle E. Spencer with Honggang Yang, `Lessons From the Field of Conflict Resolution', Paper Presented at the Symposium on Theories of Dispute Resolution, (Notre Dame IN: The University of Notre Dame Law School and Law Review, 1992).

12 Dayle E. Spencer with Honggang Yang, `Lessons....'