Economic and Technological Implications of 'Discriminate Deterrence'

Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy, Discriminate Deterrence (Washington DC: US Government Printing Office , 1988), p. 5.

Ibid., pp. 21-22.

Ibid., p. 22.

For a full discussion of these requirements, see Office of Technology Assessment, New Technologies for NATO: Implementing Follow-On Forces Attack, ISC-340, 7/87 (Washington DC: OTA 1987).

See for example Office of Technology Assessment, Directed Energy Missile Defense in Space, OTA: BP-ISC-26, 4784 (Washington DC, 1984), Office of Technology Assessment, Ballistic Missile Defense Technology, ISC-254, 9/85 (Washington DC: OTA, 1985), and especially F. R. Lichtenberg, 'The Impact of the Strategic Defence Initiative on US Civilian R&D, Investment and Industrial Competitiveness'. Mimeo (Columbia University, 1988).

Z. Brzezinski , 'America's New Geostrategy', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 66 (1988), no. 4, p. 684.

Discriminate Deterrence, p. 39.

Ibid., p. 55.

Ibid., p. 46.

Ibid.

Brzezinski , ' America's New Geostrategy', p. 685.

Lichtenberg , 'The Impact of the Strategic Defence Initiative on US Civilian R&D, Investment and Industrial Competitiveness' pp. 3-8.

Ibid., p. 2.

For detailed figures see National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators 1987, Ch. 3, 'Science and Engineering Work Force' (Washington DC: NSB, 1987).

See OECD, OECD Science and Technology Indicators: Resources Devoted to R&D (Paris: OECD, 1984), Table 1.1., p. 21.

See R. DeGrasse, 'The Military and Semiconductors' in J. Tirman, ed, The Militarization of High Technology (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1984).

See N.P. Gleditsch et al., 'Economic Incentives to Arm? Effects of Military Spending on Industrialized Market Economies', PRIO Report, 21/86 (Oslo: PRIO, 1986 ).

Ibid., p. 12.

See G. Lindgren , 'Armaments and Economic Performance in Industrialized Market Economies', Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 21 (1984), no. 4, pp. 375-387; S. Chan , 'The Impact of Defence Spending on Economic Performance: a Survey of Evidence and Problems', Orbis, Vol. 29 (1985), no. 2, pp. 403-434; and R. Smith & G. Gergiou , 'Assessing the Effects of Military Expenditures on OECD Economies: a Survey', Arms Control, Vol. 4 (1983), no. 1 (May), pp. 3-15.

For a cogent discussion of the key issues, see D. Weston & P. Gummett , 'The Economic Impact of Military R&D: Hypotheses, Evidence and Verification', Defence Analysis, Vol. 3 (1987), pp. 63-76.

See Lichtenberg ' The Impact of the Strategic Defence Initiative on US Civilian R&D, Investment and Industrial Competitiveness', p. 15.

Ibid., pp. 8-10.