Naval Arms Control in the North — Some Specific Proposals

See Sverre Lodgaard & Karl Birnbaum , eds, Overcoming Threats to Europe: A New Deal for Confidence and Security (Oxford /New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Quoted from the Mandate for Negotiation on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe adopted in Vienna 19 January 1989.

On the development of the Soviet force posture in this period, see Michael MccGwire, Soviet Military Objectives. (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution 1986 ). In the West, the interest in new, long-range systems has centred on NATO's FOFA (Follow On Forces Attack) concept. For an important contribution to the debate in the mid-80s, see Samuel P. Huntington, 'Conventional Deterrence and Conventional Retaliation in Europe', International Security, Vol. 8, no. 3 (Winter 1983/84) pp. 32-56. Economic constraints put brakes on FOFA before the INF agreement and the growing interest in non-offensive defence did so.

B. Eklind , 'Sovjets flotta skärs ned' ('The Soviet Navy is being Reduced'), Dagens Nyheter (Stockholm), 15 May 1988, p. 5.

E. Zumwalt & W. Bagley , 'Strategic Bumping at Sea', The Washington Times, 29 February 1988, p. D3.

Statement by Rear Admiral William O. Studeman, US Navy Director of Naval Intelligencc before the Scapower and Strategic and Critical Materials Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee on Intelligence Issues, 1 March 1988.

C. G. Jacobsen, ed., The Uncertain Course: New Weapons, Strategies and Mindsets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). See also C.G. Jacobsen , 'Soviet Naval Doctrine', paper submitted to the PRIO-Pugwash Symposium on Naval Forces, Oslo, 23-26 June 1988.

Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Tillitsskapende tiltak til sjøs (Confidence-building measures at sea). (FFI Report 88/5002, 1988).

Ibid.

Ibid.

S. Lodgaard , 'The Stockholm CSBMs and the Future of the CDE ', Arms Control, Vol. 8 (1987), no. 2 (September), pp. 155-168.

J. Børresen , 'Maritime CBMs in Nordic Waters: Potential and Limitations from a Naval Point of View', in Kari Möttölä, cd., Arctic Challenge: Nordic and Canadian Approaches to Security and Cooperation in an Emerging International Region. (Boulder, Colorado: Westview , 1988). pp. 235-246.

A.L. Horelick , 'Detente By Any Other Name', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 44 (1988), no. 8 (October).