Third World Non-Alignment: Does It Make a Difference?

The following two studies have been relied upon as sources on the NAM: Richard L. Jackson , The Non-Aligned, The UN and the Superpowers (New York: Praeger, 1986); and A.W. Singham & Shirley Hune , Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments (London: Zed Books, 1986). The former is from a semi-official US State Department perspective, while the later offers a sympathetic yet critical analysis of the goals, internal conflicts and evolution of the NAM.

Frcd Halliday , The Making of the Second Cold War (Washington, DC: Institute for Policy Studies, 1983); and Robert C. Johansen , The Reagan Administration and the UN: The Costs of Unilateralism ( New York: World Policy Institute, 1986). The origin of the UN system as it related to US foreign policy opposition to economic nationalism as well as socialism is analyzed in Gabriel Kolko , The Politics of War (New York: Random House, 1969). Other pertinent theoretical accounts include: Walter LaFeber , The New Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963 ); Harry Magdoff , The Age of Imperialism: The Economics of U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969); R.D. McKinlay & A. Mughan , Aid and Arms to the Third World: An Analysis of the Distribution and Impact of US Official Transfers (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984).

On this anachronistic drive to restore US hegemony with primary reliance upon covert and military operations, see the following: Jay Peterzell , Reagan's Secret Wars (Washington: Center for National Security Studies, 1984); Joseph Gerson, ed., The Deadly Connection: Nuclear War and US Intervention (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1985); Arjun Makhijani , 'US Nuclear Strategy: Pied Piper to Armageddon', The National Reporter , vol. 9 (1985), no. 1, Winter, pp. 10-11: Jeff McMahan , Reagan and the World: Imperial Policy in the New Cold War (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985); John Prados , The President's Secret Wars (New York: William Morrow , 1986; Noam Chomsky , Pirates and Emperors: International Terrorism in the Real World (New York: Claremont Research and Publications, 1986); Noam Chomsky , The Culture of Terrorism (Boston: South End Press, 1988); Leslie Cockburn , Out of Control (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press , 1988).

Michael Klare , 'The Political Economy of Arms Sales', Economic Forum, vol. 13 (1982), no. 1, Summer, pp. 38-40.

Andrew Pierre , The Global Politics of Arms Sales (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982). See also David Ronfeldt & Caesar Sereseres , US Arms Transfers, Diplomacy, and Security in Latin America and Beyond (Santa Monica: Rand Corp., 1977), P-6005.

Frederic Pearson , 'US Arms Transfer Policy: The Feasibility of Restraint', Arms Control, vol. 2 (1981), no. 1, May, p. 38.

See also Miles D. Wolpin , Military Aid and Counter-revolution in the Third World ( Lexington, MA: Heath, 1973); Jan Knippers Black , Sentinels of Empire: The United States and Latin American Militarism (Wcstport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986).

Andrew L. Ross , 'Dimensions of Militarization in the Third World ', Armed Forces & Society, vol. 15 (1987), no. 3, Summer, pp. 572-573.

Jerome Wiesner , 'A Militarized Society', Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, August 1985, p. 103. See also Center for Defense Information , 'Militarism in America', The Defense Monitor, vol. 15 (1986 ), no. 3, pp. 1-8.

See the sources listed in note 6.

USSR State Committee for Foreign Economic Relations , USSR and Developing Countries: Economic Cooperation (Chicago: Imported Publications, 1985); Gordon White , Robin Murray & Christine White , Revolutionary Development in the Third World (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).

Singham & Hune , Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments, pp. 23-24.

Singham and Hune , Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments, pp. 148-65. See also note 3 above.

This should not be construed to imply that the USSR has sought or is seeking a global empire. Nor that its influence remains high once obtained. See McKinlay & Mughan , Aid and Arms to the Third World; Halliday, The Making of the Second Cold War; George Kennan , The Nuclear Delusion: Soviet— American Relations in the Atomic Age (New York: Pantheon, 1982); Stephen F. Cohen , Sovieticus: American Perceptions and Soviet Realities (New York: Norton, 1985)

; George Kennan , 'PSR: Kennan, Deterrence and Mass Neurosis', Nuclear Times , May/June, 1988, pp. 33-34.

K.P. Misra , Nonaligned Movement: India's Chairmanship (New Delhi: S. Kumar Lancers Books, 1987), pp. 53-54.

William Eckhardt , Global Imperialism and Global Inequality (Dundas, Ont: Canadian Peace Research Institute , 1977), p. 14.

Ruth Leger Sivard , World Military and Social Expenditures: 1981 (Leesburg, VA: World Priorities , 1981), p. 8.

Istvan Kende , 'New Features of the Armed Conflicts and Armaments in Developing Countries', Development and Peace, 1983

; E. Berends & A.P. Schmid , Soviet Military Interventions Since 1945 (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1985).

See Miles D. Wolpin , Averting Armageddon (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1989).

Singham & Hune , Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments, pp. 210-219.

Jackson , The Non-Aligned , pp. 285-293.

Johansen , The Reagan Administration , pp. 605-612.

See Jerry W. Sanders , Peddlers of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger (Boston: South End Press , 1983)

; J. Samuel Fitch , 'The Garrison State in America: A Content Analysis of Trends in the Expectation of Violence', Journal of Peace Research, vol. 22 (1985), no. 11, pp. 31-45

; Michael Parenti , Inventing Reality: The Politics of the Mass Media (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1986).

Singham & Hune , Non-alignment in an Age of Alignments, pp. 15-31.

Criteria for military rule and repressivencss are found in Ruth Leger Sivard , World Military and Social Expenditures: 1982 (Leesburg, VA: World Priorities, 1982), p. 17; Ruth Leger Sivard , World Military and Social Expenditures: 1986 (Washington, DC: World Priorities , 1986), p. 24. Development strategy leftism-rightism criteria appear in note 30 and country classifications in Appendix E of Miles D. Wolpin , Militarization, Internal Repression and Social Welfare in the Third World (London , UK: Croom Helm, 1986), pp. 110-112, 137-141.