A Permanent UN Peacekeeping Force: An Evaluation

K. Venkata Raman , 'United Nations Peacekeeping and the Future of World Order', in Henry Wiseman , ed., Peacekeeping: Appraisals and Proposals (New York, Pergamon, 1983), p. 372.

An excellent description of the various official proposals through the 1960s for a permanent peacekeeping force is given in Larry Fabian , Soldiers Without Enemies: Preparing the United Nations for Peacekeeping ( Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1971 ), pp. 73ff.

Fabian , Soldiers Without Enemies, p. 139.

General Assembly Resolution 2006 (XIX), 1965.

Some INGO efforts at improving peacekeeping readiness were even attempted. The World Veterans Federation worked to improve the technical aspects of peacekeeping operations, but their efforts were quite shortlived. See Fabian , Soldiers Without Enemies, p. 212.

The various proposals in this section are taken from the official proposals noted above and from a variety of other sources including William Frye , A United Nations Peace Force (New York, Oceana, 1957); Indar Jit Rikhye , The Theory and Practice of Peacekeeping (New York: St Martin's Press, 1984); Fabian , Soldiers Without Enemies; Lincoln Bloomfield , International Military Forces: The Question of Peacekeeping in an Armed and Disarming World (Boston: Little, Brown & Co. , Boston, 1964); Granville Clark & Louis Sohn , World Peace Through World Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958); David Steele , The Reform of the United Nations (London: Croom Helm, 1987); David Wainhouse , International Peace Observation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1966); Ann Florini & Nina Tannenwald , On the Front Lines: The United Nations' Role in Preventing and Containing Conflict (New York: UNA/USA, 1984); and Indar Jit Rikhye , Michael Harbottle & Bjorn Egge , The Thin Blue Line: International Peacekeeping and Its Future (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).

See Richard Swift , 'United Nations Military Training for Peace' , International Organization, vol. 28 (1974), no. 2, pp. 267-280.

Rikhye , Theory and Practice , p. 205.

Richard Nelson , 'Multinational Peacekeeping in the Middle East and the United Nations Model', International Affairs, vol. 61 (1984-85), no. 1, pp. 67-89.

International Peace Academy , Peacekeeper's Handbook (New York: Pergamon, 1984), p. 37.

For a series of related arguments see Frye , United Nations Peace, pp. 33ff.

James Boyd , United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: A Military and Political Appraisal (New York: Praeger, 1971), p. 223.

International Peace Academy , Peacekeeper's Handbook, p. 37.

Boyd , United Nations Peacekeeping, p. 221.

Paul Diehl , 'Peacekeeping Operations and the Quest for Peace' , Political Science Quarterly, vol. 103, no. 3 (1988), pp. 173-188. 16. Diehl , 'Preventive Diplomacy' .

Hans Morgenthau , 'Political Conditions for a Force', in Lincoln Bloomfield , International Military Forces, p. 181.

For an analysis of this problem, see Paul Diehl , 'When Peacekeeping Does Not Lead to Peace: Some Notes on Conflict Resolution', Bulletin of Peace Proposals, vol. 18, no. 1 (1987), pp. 47-53.