See Kenneth E. Boulding , Stable Peace, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. In general, interdependence means 'mutual dependence'. Mutual means 'existing between two or more actors, systems and/or issues' and refers to relations and/or processes; reciprocal. Dependence refers to (1) needed from; (2) influenced by; (3) dominated by. The controversy over a definition concerns especially the determination of relevant actors, systems, processes, relations and issues. Furthermore, in the popular use of the word its meaning is limited to 'mutual need'/'common interest' only.
2.
Ernst B. Haas , 'Is There a Hole in the Whole Knowledge, Technology, Interdependence, and the Construction of International Regimes', International Organization, 29 ( 1975) 3; p. 852.
3.
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence. World Politics in Transition, Boston: Little, Brown, 1977; p. 23.
4.
Keohane and Nye, op. cit., pp. 23-24, 37. It is incorrect, however, to understand these conditions as something Realists strive for. It is also wrong to presume that all Realist scholars reduce reality to these dimensions only. But they have surely emphasised the ever-present danger of war over confidence in the power of morality or idealism in world politics. In practical politics this has strengthened tendencies towards the moral of 'civis pacem, para bellum', and Machiavellianism. The result is a perception of reality that focuses especially on those aspects that affirm the extreme set of conditions. And one acts correspondingly.
5.
Keohane and Nye, op.cit., pp. 24—25.
6.
For regularity's sake, it should be noted that the discussion on this is strongly confused by (1) different interpretations of who the actors are, and (2) the misperception in the criticism that the peace-bearing promise of interdependence points to conflict reduction. The focus is, instead, on a minor role of force in conflict management.
7.
Normann Angell , The Great Illcrsion. A Study of the Relation of Military Power in Nations to Their Economic and Social Advantage, London: Heinemann, 1910 (first published in 1908). Norman Angell, The Great Illusion — Now, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books , 1938. See also Norman Angell, The Political Conditions of Allied Success. A Plea for the Protective Union of the Democracies , New York/London: Put-man's Sons, 1918.
8.
Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr, World Pol
9.
itics.The Menu for Choice , San Francisco: Freeman & Co ., 1981; p. 405.
10.
Keohane and Nye, op. cit., p. viii.
11.
Russett and Starr, op. cit., Ch. 15 ' "Interdependence" Among Industrialized Countries'.
12.
Richard W. Mansbach and John A. Vasquez , In Search of Theory. A New Paradigm for Global Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1981; pp. 75-76.
13.
Richard Rosecrance, 'International Theory Revisited', International Organization , 35 (1981) 4, p. 709.
14.
James N. Rosenau, 'Subtle Sources of Interdependence. Changing Criteria of Evidence, Legitimacy, and Patriotism'; Richard W. Mansbach and Yale. H. Ferguson, 'The Challenge of Anarchy and the Search for Order' Richard N. Rosecrance, 'War, Trade and Interdependence'; (unpublished) papers presented at the Conference on 'Interdependence and Conflict in the International System (I)', Groningen — (Polemological Institute), November 1986.
