A Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in the Nordic Area: Conditions and Options — A Norwegian View

For elaboration see Johan Jørgen Holst, Atomvåpen og norsk sikkerhetspolitikk, Oslo , Den norske atlanterhavskomité, 1981.

For further analysis see Johan Jørgen Holst , Nuclear Weapon Free Zones in Europe: An Option for the Future?, NUPI-notat nr. 269B, April 1983 (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo).

See e.g. Leif Leifland , 'U-137, U-238 och fredens hav', Kungliga Krigsvetenskapsakademiens Handlingar och Tidskrift , 186 (2) 1982: 80-90.

See the speech by the Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme to the Paasikivi society in Helsinki, June 1, 1983 where he stated inter alia: 'A zone arrangement must, therefore, also incorporate undertakings concerning a nuclear-weapon-free Baltic Sea' (page 9 of text in English translation).

See Bo Johnson Theutenberg , 'U-137 - Folkrätt och neutralitetspolitikk i tillämping', Kungliga Krlgsvetertskupsakademieus Handlingar och Tidskrift 186, (2) 1982: 86-129

with a summary also in Russian; Nils Andrén, 'A Lone Submarine' in Nils Andrén, Essays on Swedish Security in the Nordic Environment, Stockholm, The Swedish Defence Research Institute , 1982, pp. 59-67

and Johan Jørgen Holst , Ubåten i fredens hav 1981: Ubåt 137, U-238 og Vi, Oslo, Den norske atlanterhavskomité, 1981.

See Att Möra Ubåtshotet: Ubåtskränkningarna och svensk säkerhetspolitik . Stockholm, SOU 1983:13;

Johan Jørgen Holst , 'Signals, Decisions and Strategy: The Submarine Hunt in the Sognefjord 1972' , Cooperation and Conflict, 9 (4) 1974:287-311

and 'Etter ubåtjakten', Dagbladet 6 May, 1983

and 'Ubåtepisodenes lærdom', Aftenposten, 7 May, 1983 by the same author.

A similar argument has been developed by Torkel Opsahl in Torstein Eckhoff & Stein Owe (eds.), Nordisk atomvåpenfri sone, Oslo, Aschehoug 1983, pp. 58-60.

I have done so in Atomvåpen og forhandlinger: Hva må gjøres? , Oslo, Den norske atlanterhavskomité , 1983;

'En rakettløsning er mulig', Arbeiderbladet , 21 May, 1983

and The 'Dual Track' Decision Revisited. NUPI-notat nr. 267A (Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo)

to be published in Hans Henrik Holm and Nikolaj Petersen (eds.) The European Missile Crisis: Nuclear Weapons and Security Policy, London, Frances Pinter, Ltd., 1983 .

See Militœr-Balansen 1982-1983, norsk utgave ved Den norske atlanterhavskomité , 1983, p. 113 and St.meld. nr. 101 (1981-82) Om sikkerhet og nedrustning. Rustningskontroll og nedrustningsarbeidets plass i sikkerhetspolitikken , pp. 22-23.

Common Security. A Programme for Disarmament. The Report of the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues under the Chairmanship of Olof Palme, London, Pan Books, 1982, pp. 147-149.

The opposite approach is exemplified by the draft treaty by Jens Evensen envisaging the constitution of a General Conference, a Supervisory Commission, a Secretariat and various subsidiary organs for managing a NWFZ in the Nordic area, see Jens Evensen, 'Atomfrie soner — personlige tanker om en traktattekst' , Thorbjørn Jagland and Sverre Bergh Johansen (eds.), Før det blir for sent. Oslo, Tiden norsk forlag, 1982, pp. 413-435.

I have argued for such a shift in Johan Jørgen Holst, Towards a Policy of No First Use of Nuclear Weapons, NUPI-notat nr. 259 ( Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, Oslo ). It will be published in a forthcoming book by the Brookings Institution.

A short summary of the recent Norwegian discussion may be found in Johan Jørgen Holst, 'Norwegian Security Policy for the 1980's', Cooperation and Conflict, 17 (4) 1982:207-236, particularly pp. 226-230.

The evolving positions are analysed in Rolf Tamnes, Den norske holdningen til en Nordisk atomfri sone 1958-81, National Defence College Norway, Research Center for Defence History, Oslo 1982.

The evolution of the position of the present author may be followed in Johan Jørgen Holst , 'The Nordic Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Plan Today', A Nuclear Free Zone and Nordic Security , Helsinki, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, 1975, pp. 29-33,

Johan Jørgen Holst , 'Norwegian Security Policy and Peace in Nordic Europe', The World Today, 37 (1) 1981:22-28

and Johan Jørgen Holst , 'The Challenge from Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Weapon Free Zones', Bulletin of Peace Proposals, 12 (3) 1981:239-246.

The Conservative minority government which came to power after the 1981 Storting elections have argued against the 'isolated option' but failed to address the position adopted by the Labour Party which forms the main opposition in the Storting. See St.meld. nr. 101 (1981-82) op. cit., pp. 58-82.

The Labour Party position of 'a linkage option' may be found in Arbeidsprogram 1982-85 Arbeiderpartiet, p. 13.

The 'isolated option' is advocated by the popular movement 'No to nuclear weapons'; see Norden som atomvåpenfri sone: En forstudie, Oslo, Nei til atomvåpen, 15 April, 1982.