In this article, I argue that the security and development nexus takes on specific forms depending on the context, and that in Cape Town’s coloured townships it is embodied in policies and practices around what has come to be known as the ‘war on gangs’. Furthermore, the war on gangs in Cape Town bears resemblances to counterinsurgency strategies — not least in the sense that both are responses to a similar problem of governance. This comparison allows us explore how citizenship is being reconfigured for residents of the townships in ways that resemble what James Holston (2007) calls ‘differentiated citizenship’. Such differentiated citizenship is opposed to the universal inclusivity promised by post-apartheid South Africa. By exploring the specific merging of security and development in the Capetonian war on gangs as compared to counterinsurgency and the subsequent reconfiguration of citizenship, I am able to address a central question: How — and with what consequences — does power maintain itself when faced with an onslaught from those that it restricts to the margins of institutions and social life?
Alexander, Claire, 2000. The Asian Gang: Ethnicity, Identity, Masculinity. London: Berg.
2.
Beall, J.o; Thomas Goodfellow & James Putzel, 2006. ‘Introductory Article: On the Discourse of Terrorism, Security and Development’, Journal of International Development18(1): 51- 67.
3.
Beinart, William, 2001. Twentieth Century South Africa. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
4.
Buur, Lars, 2007. ‘The Intertwined History of Security and Development: The Case of Development Struggles in South Africa’, in Lars Buur, Steffen Jensen & Finn Stepputat, eds, The Security-Development Nexus: Expressions of Sovereignty and Securitization in Southern Africa. Cape Town: HSRC (109-131).
5.
Duffield, Mark, 2007. Development, Security and Unending War. Governing the World of Peoples. Cambridge: Polity .
6.
Fanon, Frantz, 1986. The Wretched of the Earth. London: Penguin.
7.
Fernandez, Lovell, 1991. ‘Police Abuses of Non-Political Criminal Suspects: A Survey of Practices in the Cape Peninsula Area’. Cape Town: Institute of Criminology, University of Cape Town.
Galula, David, [1964] 2005. Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice . New York: Praeger Security International .
10.
Glaser, Clive, 2000. ‘Bo-Tsotsi’: The Youth Gangs of Soweto, 1935-1976 . Cape Town: David Philips.
11.
Hall, Stuart, 1997. ‘The Spectacle of the "Other"’, in Stuart Hall, ed., Representations: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage (223-290).
12.
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 1959. Primitive Rebels. New York & London: W. W. Norton.
Jensen, Steffen, 2001. ‘The Battlefield and the Prize: ANC’s Bid to Reform the South African State’, in Thomas Hansen & Finn Stepputat, eds, States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Post-Colonial State. Durham, NC: Duke (97-122).
15.
Jensen, Steffen, 2005. ‘From Development to Security: Political Subjectivity and the South African Transition’, Development and Change36(3): 551-570.
16.
Jensen, Steffen, 2006. ‘Capetonian Backstreets: Territorializing Young Men’, Ethnography7(3): 275-302.
17.
Jensen, Steffen, 2008. Gangs, Politics & Dignity in Cape Town. Oxford: James Currey.
18.
Jensen, Steffen & Dennis Rodgers, 2009. ‘Revolutionaries, Barbarians or War Machines: Gangs in Nicaragua and South Africa’, Socialist Register45: 220-238.
19.
Keen, David, 2006. ‘War Without End? Magic, Propaganda and the Hidden Functions of Counter-Terror ’, Journal of International Development18(1): 87-104.
20.
Kilcullen, David, 2006. ‘Twenty-Eight Articles: Fundamentals of Company-Level Counter-Insurgency’; available at http://www.d-n-i.net/fcs/pdf/kilcullen_28_articles.pdf (accessed 14 October 2009).
21.
McCuen, John, 1966. The Art of Counter-Revolutionary War. London: Faber & Faber.
22.
Merten, Marianne & Chiara Carter, 1999. ‘Blast Mocks Police Crackdown’, Mail and Guardian, 4 February.
23.
Newburn, Tim & Trevor Jones, 2007. ‘Symbolizing Crime Control: Reflections on Zero Tolerance’, Theoretical Criminology11(2): 221-243.
24.
Nina, Daniel, 1995. Rethinking Popular Justice: Self-Regulation and Civil Society in South Africa. Cape Town: Community Peace Foundation.
25.
Paglen, Trevor & A.C. Thompson, 2006. Torture Taxi: On the trail of the CIA’s rendition flights. Cambridge: Icon.
26.
Pinnock, Don, 1984. The Brotherhoods: Street Gangs and State Control in Cape Town. Cape Town: David Philips.
27.
Poole, Deborah, 1994. Time of Fear. Washington, DC: Latin American Bureau.
28.
Rantao, Jovial, 1998. ‘Dullah Omar To Sever Money Lifelines to Gangs’ , Cape Times, 28 July.
29.
Rejali, Darius, 2008. Torture and Democracy. Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press.
30.
Republic of South Africa, 1998a. The Prevention of Organised Crime Bill, B 118-98. Pretoria : Government Printer.
31.
Republic of South Africa, 1998b. White Paper on Local Government. Pretoria: Government Printer.
32.
Ross, Robert, 2001. A Concise History of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33.
Salo, Elaine, 2004. Respectable Mothers, Tough Men and Good Daughters: Producing Persons in Manenberg Township, South Africa, doctoral dissertation, Department of Social Anthropology, Emory University.
34.
Samara, Tony Roshan, 2003. ‘State Security in Transition: The War on Crime in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Social Identities9(2): 277-312.
35.
Sawyer, Clive, 1998. ‘‘Druglords Face No Place To Hide’, Cape Argus, 22 May.
36.
Schirmer, Jennifer, 1998. The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy . Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
37.
Simon, Jonathan, 2007. Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
38.
Sparks, Alistair, 1990. The Mind of South Africa. London: William Heineman.
39.
Standing, Andre, 2006. Organised Crime: A Study from Cape Flats. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
40.
Stern, Maria & Joakim Öjendal, 2010. ‘Mapping the Security-Development Nexus: Conflict, Complexity, Cacophony, Convergence?’, Security Dialogue41(1): 5-30.
41.
Tshwete, Steven, 2000. ‘Tshwete Talks Tough’, Mail and Guardian, 10 November.
42.
US Department of the Army, 2006. Counterinsurgency, FM 3-24. Washington, DC: Headquarters, Department of the Army; available at http://www.usgcoin.org/library/doctrine/COIN-FM3-24.pdf (accessed 14 October 2009).
43.
Wacquant, Loïc, 1999. ‘How Penal Common Sense Comes to Europeans: Notes on the Transatlantic Diffusion of the Neoliberal "doxa"’, European Societies1(3): 319-352.
44.
Wacquant, Loïc, 2003. ‘Toward a Dictatorship Over the Poor? Notes on the Penalization of Poverty in Brazil’, Punishment Society5(2): 197-205.
45.
Wæver, Ole, 1997. Conceptualizing Security, doctoral dissertation, University of Copenhagen.
46.
Walters, William, 2008. ‘Anti-Policy and Anti-Politics: Critical Reflections on Certain Schemes to Govern Bad Things’, European Journal of Cultural Studies11(3): 267-288.
47.
Western, John, 1996. Outcast Cape Town. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
